1. Reformers of the Early 1900s

2.  Reform: Anti-Lynching and African American Rights  Refused to give up seat in “Whites Only” train car and sued the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad  Established the Negro Advancement League and was member of NAACP.  Wrote article “Southern Horrors” in newspapers condemning lynchings Ida B. Wells

3.  Reform: Break Up Monopolies  Wrote “The History of Standard Oil” to expose Rockefeller’s ruthless business practices.  Called for the break up of powerful monopolies Ida Tarbell

4.  Reform: Unhealthy Conditions of Food Industry  Wrote “The Jungle” to expose the horrible working conditions of the meat- packing industry.  Book directly led to the Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act Upton Sinclair

5.  Reform: poverty and tenement slums  Photographer who published “How the Other Half Lives” to show pictures and stories on horrible conditions of urban poverty/slums.  Book caused immediate legislation to tear down tenements and help clean up cities Jacob Riis

6.  Reform: Poverty and Conditions of Immigrants  Created the idea of the settlement house, which would provide food, education, shelter and child care to the urban poor (mainly immigrants)  Created the 1 st settlement house in Chicago – “Hull House” Jane Addams

7.  Reform: Temperance  Promoted a letter-writing campaign to expose evils of alcohol  Changed school textbooks so children could be educated on effects of alcohol Mary H. Hunt

8.  Reform: African-American Rights  Founder of the NAACP  Wrote “The Souls of Black Folk” to show inequality of races and to criticize Booker T. Washington’s “Atlanta Compromise”  “The Crisis” was magazine he published W.E.B. DuBois

9.  Reform: African American Rights  1 st president of Tuskegee University – also helped establish as the 1 st black university  Wrote “Atlanta Compromise” speech to stress the importance of education for black self- improvement  Believed black and white should be 2 separate societies- blacks should not be a part of white society at all Booker T. Washington

10.  Reform: Native American Rights  Wrote “A Century of Dishonor” and “The Indian’s Plight” to show the horrible treatment of Native Americans by U.S. Government Helen Hunt Jackson

11.  Reform: Women’s Suffrage/Temperance  President of National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)  Organizer of Women’s Christian Temperance Union  Made speeches against alcohol and pushed for 19 th amendment  Arrested for dressing as a man and voting Susan B. Anthony

12.  Reform: Flight  Created the first ‘flying boat’ that allowed for aircraft to land on water.  Created the large bi-wings, enabling the creation of larger planes including bombers Glenn Curtiss

13.  Reform: Flight  1 st pilot to make a solo flight across the Atlantic Ocean in his plane, The Spirit of St. Louis  Flew from New York to Paris, France in 1927 Charles Lindbergh

14.  Reform: African American Rights  Founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association  Supported The American Colonization Society - returning blacks to Africa (Liberia) Marcus Garvey

15.  Reform: Science vs. Religion  John Scopes – Teacher who was arrested for teaching theory of evolution in Biology class. He was convicted and fined $100.  Clarence Darrow – Defense attorney during Scopes Trial in 1925 who questioned the role of religion in schools. Clarence Darrow and John Scopes

16.  Reform: Religion vs. Science  Prosecuting attorney in Scopes Trial – pushed for religion over science to be taught in classrooms William Jennings Bryan

17.  Reform: break up of monopolies/protection of America as a World Power  Purchased the Panama Canal  Broke up the monopolies of Rockefeller (Standard Oil) and J.P. Morgan (Northern Securities)  His presidency started the Progressive Era in 1901  “Big Stick” diplomacy/Roosevelt Corollary protects countries in Western Hemisphere from European colonization Theodore Roosevelt