1. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1 Organic Chemistry The study of carbon-containing compounds and their properties. The vast majority of organic compounds contain chains of rings of carbon atoms.

2. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 2 Hydrocarbons... compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen. Saturated: carbon-carbon bonds are all single - alkanes [C n H 2n+2 ]

3. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 3 Hydrocarbons (continued) Unsaturated: contains carbon-carbon multiple bonds.

4. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 4 Rules for Naming Alkanes 1. For alkanes beyond butane, add -ane to the Greek root for the number of carbons. C-C-C-C-C-C = hexane 2. Alkyl substituents: drop the -ane and add -yl. -C 2 H 5 is ethyl

5. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 5 Rules for Naming Alkanes 3.Positions of substituent groups are specified by numbering the longest chain sequentially. C  C-C-C-C-C-C 3-methylhexane 4.Location and name are followed by root alkane name. Substituents in alphabetical order and use di-, tri-, etc.

6. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 6 Substitution Reactions Primarily where halogen atoms replace hydrogen atoms.

7. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 7 Cyclic Alkanes Carbon atoms can form rings containing only carbon-carbon single bonds. C 3 H 6, C 4 H 8, C 6 H 12

8. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 8 Alkenes and Alkynes Alkenes: hydrocarbons that contain a carbon- carbon double bond. [C n H 2n ] C  C=C propene Alkynes: hydrocarbons containing a carbon- carbon triple bond. C  C  C  C  C 2-pentyne

9. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 9 Nomenclature for Alkenes 1.Root hydrocarbon name ends in -ene C 2 H 4 is ethene 2.With more than 3 carbons, double bond is indicated by the lowest numbered carbon atom in the bond. C=C  C  C is 1-butene

10. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 10 Addition Reactions...in which (weaker)  bonds are broken and new (stronger)  bonds are formed to atoms being added.

11. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 11 Aromatic Hydrocarbons A special class of cyclic unsaturated hydrocarbons. + Cl 2 + HCl benzeneChlorobenzene

12. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12 Refinery Processes Cracking: large molecules broken down to smaller ones by breaking carbon-carbon bonds. Pyrolysis (thermal cracking): The process that produces cracking at high temperatures. Catalytic Cracking: Cracking at lower temperatures. Catalytic reforming: Alkanes and cycloalkanes converted to aromatic compounds.

13. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 13 The Common Functional Groups ClassGeneral Formula HalohydrocarbonsR  X AlcoholsR  OH EthersR  O  R Aldehydes

14. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 14 The Common Functional Groups ClassGeneral Formula Ketones Carboxylic Acids Esters AminesR  NH 2

15. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 15 Polymers...are large, usually chainlike molecules that are built from small molecules called monomers. MonomerPolymer EthylenePolyethylene Vinyl chloridePolyvinyl chloride TetrafluoroethyleneTeflon

16. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16 Types of Polymerization Addition Polymerization: monomers “add together” to form the polymer, with no other products. (Teflon) Condensation Polymerization: A small molecule, such as water, is formed for each extension of the polymer chain. (Nylon)