1. Final Exam Review, pt. 5 Chapters 9 & 10

2. Abnormal Behavior * A psychological disorder, causing distress, disability, or dysfunction. Defined symptomatically by the DSM.

3. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM IV-TR) Common language and standard criteria for classifying mental disorders Organization – 5 dimensions (or axes) relating to different aspects of disorder or disability. By American Psychiatric Association

4. Anxiety Disorders Anxiety – irrational fear, dread, or agitation; physiological arousal 1. Phobias: unreasonable fear; avoidance a. Specific phobia – clearly defined object or situation, e.g. dogs b. Social phobia – extreme shyness or discomfort in social situations 2. Panic Disorder * Sudden attacks of apprehension & terror leading to behavioral changes & physical symptoms (Shortness of Breath, Rapid Pulse, trembling, sweating, fear)

5. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder a. Obsessions * Repetitive, distressing or frightening thoughts b. Compulsions * Repetitive behaviors (an attempt to calm the thoughts)

6. Dissociative Identity Disorder 2 or more distinct personalities in the same person Memory disruption regarding the “alter” Rare NOT the same as Schizophrenia Used to be called multiple personality

7. Schizophrenia Psychosis: loss of contact with reality Positive symptoms – hallucinations, delusions, inappropriate affect or behavior, loose associations, disorganized speech Negative symptoms – social withdrawal, deterioration of adaptive behavior, flat affect, poor problem solving abilities

8. Possible Causes of Schizophrenia * Genetic Brain– loss of neurons; enlarged ventricles Neurotransmitters – e.g. excess dopamine Poverty, malnutrition, disease Prenatal damage – e.g. viruses Stress Substance Abuse may trigger Interactions between items above

9. Types of Schizophrenia * Disorganized * Language and/or behavior chaotic, illogical Catatonic * Extreme disorder of movement or no movement, no speech, may be stiff or rigid Paranoid * Hallucinations or delusions most prominent symptom; thoughts of persecution/grandeur Undifferentiated * Mixed; symptoms from 2-3 other types

10. Major depressive disorder * Low mood (despair) - withdrawal, loss of interest & pleasure; eating & sleeping disturbance, lack of energy, guilt More than 2 weeks Impaired functioning May have psychotic features Suicidal thoughts or attempts

11. Bipolar Disorder Alternates between lows (depression) & highs (mania); may be normal in between Mania * Exceptional energy, enthusiasm, agitation, irritable, may be out of control (sex, drugs, gambling, spending)

12. Risk Factors for Suicide * Risk if have a Diagnosable psychiatric disorder More females attempt suicide. More males succeed Older men highest risk History of being abused High risk behavior Method (guns succeed more than pills) Risk - Prior attempts, family history, exposure

13. Personality Disorders * Inflexible patterns of thinking, feeling or relating to others These patterns cause problems in personal, social & work situations. Inability to understand needs of others Three “clusters” A) Odd, eccentric B) Dramatic/erratic C) Anxious/inhibited

14. Antisocial Personality Disorder * Pervasive pattern of violating the rights of others Lie, cheat, steal, criminal behavior Alcohol, drug abuse Egocentric, impulsive Biological and environmental factors 3x more males

15. Somatoform Disorders * Real physical symptoms Not explained by medical condition. Stress-related More females Hypochondriasis = excessive worry about having a physical illness

16. Approaches to Therapy * Chapter 10 Therapy – Helping a person to change

17. Psychoanalysis The “talking cure” Freud’s techniques include: Free association Dream analysis Transference Insight and interpretation Uncover unconscious conflicts

18. Client (Person) Centered Therapy * Focus on Personal Growth Therapist is accepting, supportive and nondirective Carl Roger’s Techniques include: Develop therapeutic alliance: 1) Therapist is genuine 2) Unconditional Positive Regard – Therapist is Non Judgmental 3) Empathy with client

19. Behavior Therapy* Based on principles of learning Focus on present, specific change desired Baseline measured; goals established. Use of associations, reinforcements, punishment, cues, shaping, etc. Specific goals

20. Cognitive Therapy Clients identify distorted or incorrect beliefs that are causing problems Learn to think in a new, more logical ways, e.g. “I can survive” v. “I can’t live without him.” Reframe situations, e.g. “challenges” instead of disasters Homework New patterns of thinking that can be used in future situations.

21. Biological Therapies * Drugs (anti-anxiety, anti-depressants, anti-psychotics, stimulants, mood stabilizers) Often combined with talk therapies If non-response to talk and drugs, may use: ECT (electroconvulsive therapy) for depression Psychosurgery for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder