2. Defining Psychological Disorders “To study the abnormal is the best way of understanding the normal.” psychological disorders persistently harmful thoughts, feelings, and actions 1.Mental health workers view psychological disorders as persistently harmful thoughts, feelings, and actions. behavior is deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional 2.Or, when behavior is deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional it could be considered a disorder. ~450 million people suffering from psychological disorders There are ~450 million people suffering from psychological disorders. disorders may bring unexplained physical symptoms, irrational fears, and suicidal thoughts 3.Psychological disorders may bring unexplained physical symptoms, irrational fears, and suicidal thoughts. ~William James (1842-1910)

3. Understanding Psychological Disorders believed that abnormal behavior was evil spirits trying to get out o It was once believed that abnormal behavior was evil spirits trying to get out. Thus, ancient treatments included Thus, ancient treatments of psychological disorders included trephination, exorcism, being caged like animals, being beaten, burned, castrated, mutilated, or transfused with animal’s blood. Trephination (boring holes in the skull to remove evil forces)

4. Understanding Psychological Disorders o However, Philippe Pinel madness was not due to demonic possession, but an ailment of the mind o However, Philippe Pinel (1745-1826) from France, insisted that madness was not due to demonic possession, but an ailment of the mind. Pinel ordering the chains removed from patients at the Paris Asylum for insane women

5. Classifying Psychological Disorders American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders describe psychological disorders o The American Psychiatric Association rendered a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) to describe psychological disorders. most recent edition describes ~400 psychological disorders compared to 60 in the 1950s o The most recent edition, DSM-5 (2013), describes ~400 psychological disorders compared to 60 in the 1950s. will classify disorders and describe the symptoms DSM will classify disorders and describe the symptoms. will NOT explain the causes or possible cures DSM will NOT explain the causes or possible cures.

6. Two Major Classifications in the DSM Neurotic Disorders o Distressing still function in society o Distressing but one can still function in society and act rationally. Psychotic Disorders loses contact with reality o Person loses contact with reality, experiences distorted perceptions. John Wayne Gacy

7. Let’s look @ a few examples of different disorders….

8. (1) Anxiety Disorders [Section 2]

9. Anxiety Disorders o Feelings of excessive apprehension and anxiety. 1.Generalized anxiety disorder 2.Panic disorder 3.Phobias 4.Post-traumatic stress disorder 5.Obsessive-compulsive disorder

10. 1. Generalized Anxiety Disorder uncontrollable tenseness 1.Persistent and uncontrollable tenseness and apprehension. Autonomic arousal 2.Autonomic arousal. Inability to identify certain feelings 3.Inability to identify or avoid the cause of certain feelings, this is an anxiety which Freud labeled free floating. Symptoms

11. 2. Panic Disorder episodes of intense dread o Minutes-long episodes of intense dread which may include feelings of terror, chest pains, choking, or other frightening sensations. Symptoms

12. 3. Phobias a persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that disrupts behavior o Marked by a persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that disrupts behavior.

13. A Few Kinds of Phobias Phobia of blood.Hemophobia Phobia of closed spaces.Claustrophobia Phobia of heights.Acrophobia Phobia of open places.Agoraphobia Social phobiaShyness to an extreme

14. 4. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Four or more weeks of the following symptoms Four or more weeks of the following symptoms constitute post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): 1.Haunting memories 2.Nightmares 3.Social withdrawal 4.Jumpy anxiety 5.Sleep problems

15. 5. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder unwanted thoughts and urges to engage in senseless rituals that cause distress o Persistence of unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and urges to engage in senseless rituals (compulsions) that cause distress.

16. (2) Somatoform and (3) Dissociation Disorders [Section 3]

17. Somatoform Disorders o Symptoms mimic a physical disease or injury. Medical test results are either normal or do not explain the person’s symptoms. o conversion disorder specificphysical symptoms exist for which no physiological basis can be found o in which very specific genuine physical symptoms exist for which no physiological basis can be found. Ex: Ex: like blindness or paralysis o Hypochondriasis a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease o in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease. Ex: Ex: believe that minor issues (headache, upset stomach) are indicative are more severe illnesses.

18. Dissociative Disorders o Conscious awareness becomes separated from previous memories o Conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings. Symptoms 1.Having a sense of being unreal. 2.Being separated from the body. 3.Watching yourself as if in a movie.

19. Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities o A disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities formerly called multiple personality disorder. Chris Sizemore (DID)

20. (4) Schizophrenia and (5) Mood Disorders [Section 4]

21. Schizophrenia “split mind” a split from reality o The literal translation is “split mind” which refers to a split from reality. a group of severe disorders characterized by the following o Schizophrenia is a group of severe disorders characterized by the following: 1.Disorganized and delusional thinking. 2.Disturbed perceptions. 3.Inappropriate emotions and actions.

22. Types of Schizophrenia

23. Paranoid Schizophrenia delusions or hallucinations o preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations. o Somebody is out to get me!!!!

24. Catatonic Schizophrenia o Flat effect may laugh at the news of someone dying or show no emotion at all person may laugh at the news of someone dying or show no emotion at all o Waxy Flexibility repeating of another’s speech and movements o parrot like, repeating of another’s speech and movements o may continually rub an arm, rock a chair, or remain motionless for hours

25. Disturbed Perceptions schizophrenic person may perceive things that are not therehallucinations o A schizophrenic person may perceive things that are not there (hallucinations) Frequently hallucinations are auditory.

26. Mood Disorders mood disorders come in two principal forms Emotional extremes of mood disorders come in two principal forms. 1.Major Depressive Disorder 2.Bipolar Disorder One could also consider… 3.Seasonal Affect Disorder

27. 1. Major Depressive Disorder “common cold” of psychological disorders o Depression is the “common cold” of psychological disorders. o In a year, 5.8% of men and 9.5% of women report depression worldwide. Chronic shortness of breath Gasping for air after a hard run Major Depressive DisorderBlue mood

28. 1. Major Depressive Disorder signs of depression last two weeks or more and are not caused by drugs or medical conditions o Major depressive disorder occurs when signs of depression last two weeks or more and are not caused by drugs or medical conditions. 1.Lethargy and fatigue 2.Feelings of worthlessness 3.Loss of interest in family & friends 4.Loss of interest in activities Signs include:

29. 2. Bipolar Disorder manic-depressive disorder Formerly called manic-depressive disorder. An alternation between depression and mania signals bipolar disorder. Multiple ideas Hyperactive Desire for action Euphoria Elation Manic Symptoms Slowness of thought Tired Inability to make decisions Withdrawn Gloomy Depressive Symptoms

30. 2. Bipolar Disorder Many great writers, poets, and composers suffered from bipolar disorder. During their manic phase creativity surged, but not during their depressed phase. Walt Whitman Virginia WoolfSamuel ClemensErnest Hemingway

31. 3. Seasonal Affective Disorder depression during the winter months o Experience depression during the winter months. o Based not on temperature, but on amount of sunlight. o Treated with light therapy.

32. (6) Personality Disorders [Section 5]

33. Personality Disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning o Personality disorders are characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning. o They are usually without anxiety, depression, or delusions.

34. Antisocial Personality Disorder exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing A disorder in which the person (usually men) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. Formerly, this person was called a sociopath or psychopath. Symptoms May Include: Lack of empathy or affection. No regard for right and wrong. Using charm or wit to manipulate others. Intimidation of others. Violent or aggressive behavior.

35. Antisocial Personality Disorder o Some have trouble functioning normally in society o Some have trouble functioning normally in society: trouble with relationships and with the law. o Others are very successful and mimicking emotion and general deception.

36. Dependent Personality Disorder o Rely too much on the attention and help of others o Rely too much on the attention and help of others.

37. Histrionic Personality Disorder center of attention o Needs to be the center of attention. o Whether acting silly or dressing provocatively.

38. Narcissistic Personality Disorder an unwarranted sense of self-importance o Having an unwarranted sense of self-importance. you are the center of the universe o Thinking that you are the center of the universe.

39. Obsessive –Compulsive Personality Disorder o Overly concerned with certain thoughts and performing certain behaviors o Overly concerned with certain thoughts and performing certain behaviors. orderly controlachieving perfection Being orderly, having control, and achieving perfection o Not as extreme as OCD anxiety.