1. Female Reproductive System

2. Warm-Up Mrs. Thomas, a 53 year old female, comes to the doctor’s office and says she thinks she may be in menopause. Read the paragraph on menopause on page 260 and the paragraph on hormone replacement therapy on page 263. Using words Mrs. Thomas can understand, describe the following items: What menopause is (definition) What physical symptoms she should watch for (predict what you think she can expect?) What treatment may be used if she is in menopause Time Limit – 5 minutes

3. Anatomy Primary function of the female reproductive system is the creation and support of new life. Primary function of the female reproductive system is the creation and support of new life. External Genitalia Labia are divided into two parts: labia majora and labia minora. Labia are divided into two parts: labia majora and labia minora. The clitoris is the sensitive, erectile tissue anterior to the vaginal opening. The clitoris is the sensitive, erectile tissue anterior to the vaginal opening. Bartholin’s glands are two small rounded glands on either side of the vaginal opening that produce a mucus secretion to lubricate the vagina. Bartholin’s glands are two small rounded glands on either side of the vaginal opening that produce a mucus secretion to lubricate the vagina. Perineum - area between the vaginal opening and anus. Perineum - area between the vaginal opening and anus.

4. Anatomy Cont’d. Mammary Glands Mammary glands – also known as breasts Mammary glands – also known as breasts The areola is the dark pigmented area that surrounds the nipple. The areola is the dark pigmented area that surrounds the nipple. Mammary glands produce milk shortly after childbirth. Mammary glands produce milk shortly after childbirth.

5. Anatomy Cont’d. Internal Genitalia (see Figure 14.10, p.259) Includes two ovaries, two fallopian tubes, one uterus, and the vagina. Includes two ovaries, two fallopian tubes, one uterus, and the vagina. Ovaries – almond shaped organ in the lower abdomen located on either side of the uterus. Contain follicles (fluid filled sacs) and ova (female egg). Ovaries – almond shaped organ in the lower abdomen located on either side of the uterus. Contain follicles (fluid filled sacs) and ova (female egg). Fallopian tubes – carry ova from ovary to uterus and sperm upward from the vagina and uterus. Fallopian tubes – carry ova from ovary to uterus and sperm upward from the vagina and uterus.

6. Anatomy Cont’d. Internal Genitalia Cont’d. (see Figure 14.10, p.259) Uterus is the pear-shaped organ with muscular walls and a mucous membrane lining. The uterus has three portions: the fundus, corpus, and cervix. Uterus is the pear-shaped organ with muscular walls and a mucous membrane lining. The uterus has three portions: the fundus, corpus, and cervix. The uterus also three layers of tissue: the perimetrium, the myometrium, and the endometrium. The uterus also three layers of tissue: the perimetrium, the myometrium, and the endometrium. Vagina (colp/o = vagina and vagin/o = vagina) – muscular tube extending from cervix to outside the body. Vagina (colp/o = vagina and vagin/o = vagina) – muscular tube extending from cervix to outside the body. Menstruation – normal discharge of bloody fluid from the non-pregnant uterus. Menstruation – normal discharge of bloody fluid from the non-pregnant uterus.

7. Medical Specialties Gynecologist – MD that specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases/disorders of the female reproductive system. Gynecologist – MD that specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases/disorders of the female reproductive system. Obstetrician - MD that specializes in providing medical care to women during pregnancy, childbirth, and immediately after birth. Obstetrician - MD that specializes in providing medical care to women during pregnancy, childbirth, and immediately after birth. Neonatologist (neo = new + nat/i = birth + ologist = specialist) – diagnoses and treats disorders of the newborn infant. Neonatologist (neo = new + nat/i = birth + ologist = specialist) – diagnoses and treats disorders of the newborn infant. Pediatrician – MD that diagnoses and treats disorders in children. Pediatrician – MD that diagnoses and treats disorders in children.

8. Pathology Ovarian Cancer – third most common cancer of the female reproductive system, however, more women die of it than other forms of cancer. Ovarian Cancer – third most common cancer of the female reproductive system, however, more women die of it than other forms of cancer. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) – inflammation of female reproductive organs not associated with surgery or pregnancy; can be a complication of STD’s and lead to infertility and tubal pregnancies. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) – inflammation of female reproductive organs not associated with surgery or pregnancy; can be a complication of STD’s and lead to infertility and tubal pregnancies.

9. Pathology Cont’d Endometriosis (endo- = within + metri- = uterus + -osis = abnormal condition) – endometrial uterine tissue grows outside the uterus on other structures in pelvic cavity Endometriosis (endo- = within + metri- = uterus + -osis = abnormal condition) – endometrial uterine tissue grows outside the uterus on other structures in pelvic cavity Cervical cancer – second most common cancer in women, usual onset 35-55 years of age, detect through pap smear. Cervical cancer – second most common cancer in women, usual onset 35-55 years of age, detect through pap smear.

10. Pathology Cont’d. Mastitis (mast/o = breast + -itis = inflammation) = inflammation of breast usually associated with lactation Mastitis (mast/o = breast + -itis = inflammation) = inflammation of breast usually associated with lactation Dysmenorrhea (dys- = difficult, painful + men/o = menstruation, + -rrhea = abnormal flow) – pain caused by uterine cramps during menstrual period Dysmenorrhea (dys- = difficult, painful + men/o = menstruation, + -rrhea = abnormal flow) – pain caused by uterine cramps during menstrual period Menorrhagia (men/o = menstruation + -rrhagia = abnormal bleeding) – excessive amount of menstrual flow, longer duration than a normal period Menorrhagia (men/o = menstruation + -rrhagia = abnormal bleeding) – excessive amount of menstrual flow, longer duration than a normal period

11. Diagnostic/Treatment Procedures Breast Self Examination (BSE) – important in early detection of breast cancer. Breast Self Examination (BSE) – important in early detection of breast cancer. Mammography – radiographic examination of breasts. Mammography – radiographic examination of breasts. Tubal ligation – surgical procedure performed for female sterilization, fallopian tubes are cut and tied (ligated) and a section removed to prevent ovum from reaching uterus Tubal ligation – surgical procedure performed for female sterilization, fallopian tubes are cut and tied (ligated) and a section removed to prevent ovum from reaching uterus see Figure 14.5, p. 264.

12. Diagnostic/Treatment Procedures Dilation & curettage (D & C) – dilation of the cervix and scraping of the uterus. Figure 14.16, p. 265 Dilation & curettage (D & C) – dilation of the cervix and scraping of the uterus. Figure 14.16, p. 265 Hysterectomy (hyster/o = uterus + -ectomy = surgical removal) – surgical removal of the uterus that may/may not include cervix. Figure 14.17 Hysterectomy (hyster/o = uterus + -ectomy = surgical removal) – surgical removal of the uterus that may/may not include cervix. Figure 14.17 Bilateral salgingo-oophorectomy – surgical removal of the cervix, uterus, both fallopian tubes, and both ovaries. Bilateral salgingo-oophorectomy – surgical removal of the cervix, uterus, both fallopian tubes, and both ovaries. Mastectomy – surgical removal of breast, one treatment for breast cancer Mastectomy – surgical removal of breast, one treatment for breast cancer

13. Pregnancy Ovulation - release of the mature egg from the ovary. Ovulation - release of the mature egg from the ovary. Fertilization – when sperm penetrates descending ovum (egg) Fertilization – when sperm penetrates descending ovum (egg) Embryo – name for developing child from implantation of the egg through the eighth week of pregnancy. Embryo – name for developing child from implantation of the egg through the eighth week of pregnancy. Fetus – name for developing child from 9 th week of pregnancy until birth. Fetus – name for developing child from 9 th week of pregnancy until birth.

14. Pregnancy Cont’d. Fraternal twins = two eggs/two sperm; Identical twins = one egg/one sperm that separates into two. Fraternal twins = two eggs/two sperm; Identical twins = one egg/one sperm that separates into two. Placenta - temporary organ that forms within the uterus to allow exchange of nutrients, oxygen and waste products between the developing infant and mother. Placenta - temporary organ that forms within the uterus to allow exchange of nutrients, oxygen and waste products between the developing infant and mother. Amniotic sac - innermost membrane that surrounds the embryo in the uterus and filled with fluid (amniotic fluid) to protect the fetus. Amniotic sac - innermost membrane that surrounds the embryo in the uterus and filled with fluid (amniotic fluid) to protect the fetus.

15. Pregnancy Cont’d. Gestation – period of time the fetus is developing in the uterus. Appx. 40 weeks. Gestation – period of time the fetus is developing in the uterus. Appx. 40 weeks. Nulligravida (nulli- = none + -gravida =pregnant) – female who has never been pregnant. Nulligravida (nulli- = none + -gravida =pregnant) – female who has never been pregnant. Nullipara - female who has never borne a viable child. Nullipara - female who has never borne a viable child. Primigravida (primi- = first + -gravida = pregnant) – first pregnancy Primigravida (primi- = first + -gravida = pregnant) – first pregnancy

16. Childbirth Labor and delivery occurs in three stages: contraction of uterus & dilation of cervix, delivery of the infant, and delivery of the placenta (afterbirth). Labor and delivery occurs in three stages: contraction of uterus & dilation of cervix, delivery of the infant, and delivery of the placenta (afterbirth). Postpartum (post- = after + -partum =childbirth) – after childbirth. Postpartum (post- = after + -partum =childbirth) – after childbirth.

17. Pregnancy Pathology Spontaneous abortion – also called a miscarriage, is interruption of the pregnancy before the fetus is viable. Spontaneous abortion – also called a miscarriage, is interruption of the pregnancy before the fetus is viable. Ectopic pregnancy – fertilized egg implants outside of the uterus Ectopic pregnancy – fertilized egg implants outside of the uterus Abruptio Placenta - separation of the placenta from the uterine wall. Abruptio Placenta - separation of the placenta from the uterine wall. Premature infant – infant born before 37th week of gestation Premature infant – infant born before 37th week of gestation

18. Pregnancy Diagnostic or Treatment Procedures Amniocentesis (amni/o = amnion, fetal membrane + -centesis = surgical puncture to remove fluid) – performed to obtain specimen of amniotic fluid to evaluate fetal health and diagnose congenital disorders. Amniocentesis (amni/o = amnion, fetal membrane + -centesis = surgical puncture to remove fluid) – performed to obtain specimen of amniotic fluid to evaluate fetal health and diagnose congenital disorders. Fetal ultrasound – radiology test to evaluate fetal development Fetal ultrasound – radiology test to evaluate fetal development

19. Pregnancy Diagnostic or Treatment Procedures Cont’d. Cesarean delivery (C-section) – delivery of the child through an incision in the mother’s abdominal wall. Cesarean delivery (C-section) – delivery of the child through an incision in the mother’s abdominal wall. Episiotomy (episi/o = vulva + -otomy = surgicalincision) – incision of perineum and vagina to assist in delivery of the infant Episiotomy (episi/o = vulva + -otomy = surgicalincision) – incision of perineum and vagina to assist in delivery of the infant

20. Activity On a sheet of paper, write the definitions of the word part using the word bank below: 1. –pnea6. arthr/o 2. carcin/o7. -emia 3. thromb/o8. -plegia 4. pleur/o9. my/o- 5. lith/o10. lord/o Word Bank jointpleuramuscle paralysisswaybackclot breathingstonecancerous blood conditionsideplaque Then, create five legitimate medical terms using at least one of the word parts in each term.