1. Reproductive Review
How many mature eggs are released from the ovary every month?
One
What is a mature egg called?
Ovum
Where does the mature egg go once it leaves the ovary?
Into the Fallopian Tube
What is conception? Where does it occur?
When a sperm meets an egg
In the upper-third potion of the Fallopian Tube.

2. Pregnancy and Childbirth

3. Objective
Content Objective: The students will be able to describe the process of pregnancy from the first step of ovulation and becoming pregnant through delivering the baby by taking notes on a notes outline provided by the teacher and answering discussion questions at the end of the lesson.

4. Ovulation
When a mature egg is released from the ovary, pushed down the Fallopian tube and available to be fertilized.
The average menstrual cycel lasts days and begins on the first day of the menstrual period.
Ovulation is most likely to occur between days 11 and 21 in the cycle which is considered the “fertile time”

5. Key Facts on Ovulation
An egg lives hours after leaving the ovary
Implantation of the fertilized egg usually takes place 6-12 days after ovulation

6. What Happens Immediately Following Fertilization (Conception)
The fertilized ovum continues to divide and continues to move through the Fallopian tube.
The cell divisions form a cluster of cells by the time they reach the uterus and attach to the endometrium (uterus lining)

7. Once Implanted in the Uterus
The placenta attaches the fertilized egg to the wall of the uterus
The umbilical cord attaches to the placenta and the developing baby’s navel
The umbilical cord is how the mother and developing baby exchange oxygen, nutrients, and waste.
The umbilical cord contains two arteries and one vein
The amniotic sac is a thin membrane filled with fluid in which the baby floats providing protection and a constant temperature.

8. Zygote vs. Embryo vs. Fetus
Single cell that is formed from the union of the sperm and the egg
Divides to form two cells, then four cells, then eight cell etc.
Conception to the 2nd month of growth
The mass of cells dividing during the first 8 weeks after conception
Developing baby from the 8th week after conception until birth

9. Pregnancy The time period from conception to birth
First Signs of Pregnancy:
The absence of a menstrual period (does not 100% mean you are pregnant can also occur because of stress, diet, physical activity and/or illness)
Enlarged or tender breasts
Frequent urination
Fatigue
Morning Sickness – nausea and vomiting that can occur at any time during the day
Change in appetite

10. 9 Months of Pregnancy
Divided into trimesters or three three-month periods
First Trimester – 1st month to end of 3rd month
Second Trimester – 4th month to end of 6th month
Third Trimester- 7th month to end of 9th month
Video

11. The First Trimester End of Third Month: End of First Month:
Heart, brain, nerves and lungs form
Has a heart beat and spinal cord
Digestive system forms
Eyes and ears can be seen
Length is 1/3 inch
The baby is called an embryo
End of Second Month:
Arms, fingers, legs, ears and toes form
Heart becomes four chambers
Head becomes larger
Facial characteristics appear
All Major organs begin to form
Length is 1 inch
The baby is called a fetus
End of Third Month:
First external signs of sex appear
Some movement begins
Eyelids close
Weight is about 1.5 ounces
Length is about 1.5 inches

12. What the Mother May Experience:
Extreme tiredness
Tender/swollen Breasts
Morning Sickness
Cravings/Distaste for Certain Foods
Mood Swings
Constipation
More Frequent Urination
Headache
Heartburn
Weight Gain/Loss

13. The Second Trimester End of Fourth Month: End of Fifth Month:
Teeth and lips
Skin is developing
Fetus kicks its legs and moves its arms
Muscle tissue/tone continues to form
Makes sucking motion with mouth
Weight is about 6/7 ounces
Length is about 4-5 inches
End of Fifth Month:
Fine hair develops
Eyelashes and nails appear
Baby can hear/swallow
Fetus can bend its arms and make a fist
Heart beat detected by a stethoscope
Rate of growth slows
Weight is about 1 pound
Length is about 9-10 inches
End of Sixth Month:
Fetus responds to noise and pressure with movement
Heartbeat increases
Fetus moves vigorously
Footprints/fingerprints
Lungs form-do not work
Sleeps/wakes regularly
Head hair forms
Weight is about 1.5 pounds
Length is about 11.5 – 12.5 inches

14. What the Mother May Experience:
Body Aches
Stretch Marks
Patches of Darker Skin
Numb/Tingling Hands
Itching in the Abs/Palms/Soles of Feet
Swelling of Ankles/Fingers/Face

15. The Third and Final Trimester
End of Seventh Month:
Eyes open
Legs and arms move often – forcefully
Bones fully formed
Eyes can open/close and sense light
Lungs are not fully formed – practice “breathing movements” occur
Weight is about 3 pounds
Length is about 15 inches
If the baby is born here it has 20% chance of survival
End of Eighth Month:
Almost all organs are complete
Less space to move around so movements become stretches and wiggles instead of forceful
Weight is about 4 pounds
Length is about 18 inches
End of Ninth Month:
Skin is smooth and polished
Eyes are slate-colored
Birth weight is about 6-9 pounds
Birth length is about inches
**Weeks considered full term

16. What the Mother May Experience:
Shortness of Breath
Heartburn
Hemorrhoids
Tender Breasts/Leak Watery Pre-Milk Called Colostrum
Belly Button May Stick Out
Trouble Sleeping
The Baby “Dropping” or Moving Lower in the Belly
Contractions (may be real or false labor)

17. Problems During Pregnancy
Miscarriage:
About one in ten pregnancies ends in miscarriage
It is a natural ending of a pregnancy before a baby is developed enough to survive on its own
Usually occurs before the 12th week of pregnancy
May be due to:
Uterine lining not grown properly
Baby may have health problems

18. Problems During Pregnancy Cont.
Toxemia:
A condition in which blood pressure, sudden weight gain, blurred vision, headaches and swelling of the hands and feet occur.
Usually occurs after the 24th week of pregnancy
Can harm both the mother and baby
Possible Causes:
Heredity
Poor Nutrition

19. Problems During Pregnancy Cont.
Premature Birth:
The birth of a baby before it is fully developed
Considered premature if born less than 38 weeks from time of conception
Effects:
They have low birth weight – the lower the birth rate the less chance of survival
They typically have underdeveloped lungs

20. Labor and Delivery

21. Three Stages of Labor and Delivery
Childbirth is the process by which a baby moves from the uterus to the outside world
Labor is a series of three stages that result in the birth of the baby
Stage 1 – Dilation of the cervix
Stage 2 – Delivery of the baby
Stage 3 – Delivery of the placenta

22. Stage 1 – Dilation of the Cervix
Effacement – The thinning and shortening of the cervix
Contractions of the uterus cause the cervix and the cervical opening to dilate or stretch
This stretching allows the babies head to enter the birth canal
It stretches 8-10 centimeters
Near the end of this stage, contractions can last as long as a minute and a half
This stage can last from one hour to fifteen hours or more

23. Stage 2 – Delivery of the Baby
The baby moves out of the uterus and into the birth canal
The mother pushes during contractions to move the baby through the birth canal
Once the babies head is seen it is delivered
Crowning – The appearance of the babies head during delivery
Once the baby begins to breathe on its on the umbilical cord is cut
This stages lasts about 30 minutes – 1.5 hours

24. Stage 3 – Delivery of the Placenta
The afterbirth is expelled during this stage
Afterbirth – The placenta and other membranes that support the fetus
This stage lasts about minutes

25. Overview of Labor Stages
Uterus Contractions Occur
The Water Breaks (amniotic sac)
The Cervix Dilates
The Baby’s Head Crowns
The Baby is Delivered
The Afterbirth is Delivered

26. Complications During Childbirth
Ectopic Pregnancy
Cesarean Section
Stillbirth

27. Ectopic Pregnancy Is a pregnancy that occurs outside of the uterus
The embryo becomes implanted in the Fallopian tube or another location in the abdomen
Symptoms: Cramping, severe abdominal pain and spotting
Causes: Tissue scarring from STDs
Surgery is often needed to remove the embryo and can be fatal to the female

28. Cesarean Section
The baby is removed from the mother by making an incision through the mother’s abdomen and uterus and then removing the baby
Performed if:
Unborn baby is too large to pass through the mother’s pelvis
If the baby is not positioned correctly
The delivery may be dangerous to the health of the mother or the baby
Recovery for the mother is longer

29. Stillbirth A fully developed baby that is born dead May be caused by:
Defect in the baby
Medical condition of the baby
Medical Condition of the Mother

30. Types of Childbirth Caesarean Section Breech Natural Birth
The baby is removed from the mother by making an incision through the mother’s abdomen and uterus and then removing the baby
Breech
The baby exits with the buttocks or feet first instead of the usual head first
Natural Birth
Un-medicated birth of the child
Normal Birth
The head comes out first

31. Once the Baby is Delivered

32. Apgar Score
The baby’s health is rated based on physical characteristics of the infant
They are rated at one minute and five minutes
If problems are noticed with the baby they are rated again at ten minutes
It Grades:
Heart rate, breathing rate, muscle tone, reflexes, reaction to sucking and skin color
Scoring:
7-10 = Normal
4-7 = Might need some resuscitative measures
3 and below = Needs immediate resuscitative

33. Postpartum Period The span of time that begins after the baby is born
Six to eight week period after the birth of a baby
Hormones produce changes in the mother’s body
Prolactin is the hormone that is released and allows the mother to produce milk
Breast-feeding gives the baby antibodies to fight infections
Drugs/Alcohol/HIV can pass from the mother’s breast milk to the infant

34. Multiple Births
*Some pregnancies result in the birth of two or more babies at the same time

35. Identical Twins Develop from the same ovum and sperm
Develop when one fertilized ovum divides at an early stage of development and the two cells divide and develop separately
Results in twins of the same sex who have identical chromosomes and are very similar in appearance

36. Fraternal Twins
Develop when two ova are released from an ovary and are fertilized at the same time by different sperm
Results in the twins may or may not be the same sex and they usually do not look alike
Three = Triplets
Four = Quadruplets
Five = Quintuplets
Six = Sextuplets
*More than three is rare

37. Discussion Questions
In what ways is a pregnant female’s diet important to the health of the fetus?
Explain the concerns you may have about a baby being born prematurely
During which trimester can the sex of the baby be determined and how is determined?
What is the correct sequence of baby development (embryo, fetus, zygote, fertilization, birth)?
Up to how long can the egg be fertilized after ovulation?
What are some signs that a female may be pregnant?
Describe the 3 stages of labor and delivery
What may cause a female to have a caesarean birth?
How are a miscarriage and stillbirth different?