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GIS Software Introduction to Geospatial Information Science Cheng-Chien Liu Professor, Department of Earth Sciences Director, Global Earth Observation.

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Presentation on theme: "GIS Software Introduction to Geospatial Information Science Cheng-Chien Liu Professor, Department of Earth Sciences Director, Global Earth Observation."— Presentation transcript:

1 GIS Software Introduction to Geospatial Information Science Cheng-Chien Liu Professor, Department of Earth Sciences Director, Global Earth Observation and Data Analysis Center (GEODAC) National Cheng-Kung University 劉正千 地球科學系 / 教授 全球觀測與資料分析中心 / 主任 國立成功大學 ccliu88@mail.ncku.edu.tw

2 GIS Software 220 November 2011 OVERVIEW This chapter provides an overview of GIS software from various perspectives including architecture, functionality, history and key vendors

3 GIS Software 320 November 2011 LEARNING OBJECTIVES Understand the architecture of GIS software systems, including organization by project, department, or enterprise; and, the three-tier architecture of software systems (graphical user interface; tools, and data access); Describe the process of GIS customization; Describe the main types of commercial software  Desktop  Web mapping  Server  Virtual globe  Developer  Hand-held  Other Outline the main types of commercial GIS software products currently available.

4 GIS Software 420 November 2011 KEYWORDS AND CONCEPTS GIS software, graphical user interfaces (GUIs), COTS, Web services, software architecture, three- tier architecture 三層式架構, desktop and internet GIS, enterprise GIS, client-server, thick and thin clients, customization, API, components, thick and thin servers, middleware, hand-held GIS.  精簡客户端（ Thin Client ）指的是在客戶端 - 伺服器網路 體系中的一個基本無需應用程序的計算機終端。 它通過 一些協議和伺服器通信，進而接入區域網。精簡客户端 將其滑鼠、鍵盤等輸入傳送到伺服器處理，伺服器再把 處理結果回傳至客戶端顯示。不同的客戶端可以同時登 錄到伺服器上，模擬出一個相互獨立又在伺服器上的工 作環境。與此相反，普通客戶端會儘可能多地進行本地 數據處理，與伺服器（或其他客戶端）的通信中只傳送 必要的通信數據。

5 GIS Software 520 November 2011 OUTLINE 7.1 Introduction 7.2 The evolution of GIS software 7.3 Architecture of GIS software 7.4 Building GIS software systems 7.5 GIS software vendors 7.6 Types of GIS software systems 7.7 Conclusion

6 GIS Software 620 November 2011 7.1 Introduction Focus is on the different ways in which GIS capabilities are realized in GIS software products and implemented in operational GIS Takes a fairly specific view of GIS software, concentrating on systems with a range of generic capabilities to collect, store, manage, query, analyze, and present geographic information. The discussion is also restricted to GIS software products – well-defined collections of software and accompanying documentation, install scripts, etc. – that are subject to multi-versioned release control. By definition it excludes specific-purpose utilities, unsupported routines, and ephemeral codebases.

7 GIS Software 720 November 2011 7.1 Introduction Software can be:  COTS – commercial-off-the-shelf software  Shareware - (often intended for sale after a trial period)  Liteware - shareware with some capabilities disabled  Freeware - free software but with copyright restrictions  Public domain software - free with no restrictions  Open source software - the source code is provided and users agree not to limit the distribution of improvements

8 GIS Software 820 November 2011 7.2 The evolution of GIS software Provides a very brief summary of the evolution of GIS from command line to GUI Two key developments in the late 1980s were GUIs and customization capabilities The recent emergence of the Web services paradigm is mentioned A Web service is an application that exposes its functions via a well-defined published interface that can be accessed over the Web from another program or Web service

9 GIS Software 920 November 2011 7.3 Architecture of GIS software 7.3.1 Project, departmental, and enterprise GIS 7.3.2 The three-tier architecture 7.3.3 Software data models and customization 7.3.4 GIS on the desktop and on the Web

10 GIS Software 1020 November 2011 7.3.1 Project, departmental, and enterprise GIS Project GIS – a single, fixed term, one-off project, data are collected specifically for the project and little is thought of reuse, absence of organizational vision, sharing data and experience is a low priority Department GIS – several projects in the same department are amalgamated, creation of common standards, development of a focused GIS team, procurement of new GIS capabilities Enterprise GIS – standards are accepted across multiple departments, resources are centrally-funded and managed Societal implementation – tens of thousands of users become engaged in GIS and connected over the Web – e.g. Google Earth, Microsoft Virtual Earth, and ESRI‘s ArcGIS

11 Types of GIS implementation

12 GIS Software 1220 November 2011 7.3.2 The three-tier architecture The user interface – via a GUI, an integrated collection of menus, tool bars and other controls The tools – define the capabilities or functions available The data management system Describes the classical three tier IS architecture – presentation, business logic and data server – and maps it to the key parts of a GIS Explains the four types of computer system architecture configurations – desktop, client-server, centralized desktop, and centralized server. Introduces the terms client-server, thick and thin clients

13 GIS Software 1320 November 2011 7.3.3 Software data models and customization A data model defines how the real world is represented in a GIS A software data model defines how the different tools are grouped together, how they can be used, and how they interact with data. Customization is the process of modifying GIS software A number of industry standard programming languages (such as Visual Basic, Java, and Python) are available for customizing GIS software systems. Integrated development environments (IDEs) combine several software development tools including a visual programming language; an editor; a debugger, and a profiler.

14 Classical three-tier architecture of a GIS software system

15 (A) standalone desktop GIS on PCs each with own local files (B) Desktop GIS on PCs sharing files on a PC file server over a LAN. Desktop GIS software architecture used in project GIS

16 Client-server GIS: desktop GIS software and DBMS data server in a workgroup or departmental GIS configuration.

17 Centralized desktop GIS as used in advanced departmental and enterprise implementations

18 Centralized server GIS as used in advanced departmental and enterprise implementations

19 GIS Software 1920 November 2011 7.3.3 Software data models and customization To support customization using open, industry- standard IDEs, a GIS vendor must expose details of the software package‘s functionality using a set of application programming interfaces (APIs). Components are important to software developers because they are the mechanism by which reusable, self-contained, software building blocks are created. Allow many programmers to work together Can be easily assembled into larger systems Can be reused Support multiple third party extensions

20 Desktop and network GIS paradigms

21 GIS Software 2120 November 2011 7.3.4 GIS on the desktop and on the Web Describes the concepts of thick and thin servers Network GIS use the cross-platform Web browser to host the viewer interface

22 GIS Software 2220 November 2011 7.4 Building GIS software systems Start with a formal design for a software system and then build each part of component separately before assembling the whole system. Core GIS software systems are usually written in a modern programming language like Visual C++, C# or Java. A key choice that faces all software developers is whether to design a software system by buying in components, or to build it more or less from scratch.

23 GIS Software 2320 November 2011 7.5 GIS software vendors Autodesk Bentley ESRI Intergraph

24 Clint Brown, Software Product Director (Courtesy Clint Brown)

25 GIS software vendor market share (Courtesy Daratech)

26 GIS Software 2620 November 2011 7.6 Types of GIS software systems 7.6.1 Desktop GIS software 7.6.2 Web Mapping 7.6.3 Server GIS 7.6.4 Virtual Globes 7.6.5 Developer GIS 7.6.6 Hand-held GIS 7.6.7 Other types of GIS software

27 GIS Software 2720 November 2011 7.6.1 Desktop GIS software Owes its origins to the personal computer and Microsoft Windows operating system Are the mainstream workhorses of GIS today Free GIS viewers are able to display and query popular file formats These help to establish market share and can create de facto standards Focus on use rather than data creation Professional GIS are full-featured desktop GIS with a superset of capabilities

28 Screenshot of Intergraph GeoMedia—Desktop GIS

29 Screenshot of Manifold System desktop GIS

30 Screenshot of ESRI ArcGIS ArcInfo—Professional Desktop GIS

31 GIS Software 3120 November 2011 7.6.2 Web Mapping There are signs that the next decade will in turn be dominated by Web and server GIS products Web mapping is taken to mean integrated Web- accessible software, a 2-D database comprising one or more base maps, and an associated collection of services. Web access is provided via easily accessible, open interfaces running in web browsers and returning image tiles (fragments of the total map) Website functions can easily be accessed programmatically via well-defined application programming interfaces (APIs)

32 A geographic mashup of videos, pictures, and Wikipedia links on Google Maps

33 GIS Software 3320 November 2011 7.6.3 Server GIS Server GIS runs on a computer server that can handle concurrent processing requests from a range of networked clients Initially, server GIS were nothing more than ports of desktop GIS products Second-generation systems were subsequently built using a multiuser services based architecture that allows them to run unattended and to handle many concurrent requests from remote networked users

34 OpenStreetMap database for Durham, UK

35 The central boxes are the software components that read data, render maps, and fulfill other client requests. A Web server (open- source Apache or Microsoft IIS) is used to communicate with browser clients. (Source:http://mapserver.org/introduction.html) Architecture of MapServer

36 (www.smamap.com/mapguide/SMAmap/index.php). Screenshot of Autodesk MapGuide—Server GIS

37 GIS Software 3720 November 2011 7.6.4 Virtual Globes Virtual globes allow users to visualize geographic information on top of 3-D global base maps Virtual Globes include: Google Earth, Microsoft Virtual Earth Neogeography is the “new” geography that among other things includes the overlay or mashing up two or more sources of geographic information

38 Google Earth (earth.google.com)

39 Microsoft Virtual Earth (www.bing.com/maps)

40 A Web application written using the ILOG JViews Map component toolkit

41 GIS Software 4120 November 2011 7.6.5 Developer GIS Toolkits of GIS functions (components) that a reasonably knowledgeable programmer can use to build a specific- purpose GIS application

42 GIS Software 4220 November 2011 7.6.6 Hand-held GIS GIS for mobile and personal use on hand- held systems  development of low-cost, lightweight location positioning technologies and wireless networking has further stimulated this market Recently, “smartphones” can deal with comparatively large amounts of data and sophisticated applications

43 ESRI ArcPad running on a rugged hand-held field PC device

44 The Apple iPhone showing Google Maps—an example of a hand-held GIS (Courtesy Alex Singleton)

45 GIS Software 4520 November 2011 7.6.7 Other types of GIS software Mentions raster-based and CAD-based GIS and explains how they have merged with more general GIS Middleware offer centralized management of data, the ability to process data on a server and control over database editing and update Standard DBMS have extensions to store and process geographic information efficiently Also mentions public-domain, open source and free software Seamless GIServices offer functionality delivered packaged along with data

46 Screenshot of Clark Labs Idrisi desktop GIS

47 GIS Software 4720 November 2011 7.7 Conclusion

48 Thank you for your attention 報告完畢，敬請指教 ccliu88@mail.ncku.edu.tw Cheng-Chien Liu Professor, Department of Earth Sciences Director, Global Earth Observation and Data Analysis Center (GEODAC) National Cheng-Kung University 劉正千 地球科學系 / 教授 全球觀測與資料分析中心 / 主任 國立成功大學 Introduction to Geospatial Information Science

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