1. Biomolecules

2. ■ Biomolecules are carbon-based molecules made and used by living things. ○ They can also be called macromolecules. ■ Macro = large ■ Micro = small

3. Metabolism ■ Biomolecules: created and broken down during processes that keep organisms alive. ■ These processes together are called metabolism.

4. ■ Creating molecules = helps organisms grow, heal, maintain ■ Breaking down molecules = release ATP energy

5. Polymer vs. Monomer ○ Polymer - a molecule composed of many smaller units (poly = many) ○ Monomer - the smaller unit contained in a polymer (mono = one) MonomerPolymer

6. Carbohydrates ■ Carbohydrates (sugars): used by organisms as quick energy or “fuel” ■ Sugars can be short & simple or long & complex (also called starches) ○ -ose means that something is a type of sugar. Examples: Glucose, Lactose, Fructose

7. Carbohydrates ■ Simple sugars are the monomers that make complex starches Pasta Bread Potatoes Contain Starches Contain Simple Sugars

8. Which 3 elements make up carbohydrates? ____, ____, ____

9. Lipids ■ Lipids: fats, oils and waxes ■ Functions: long-term energy storage, cell membranes, cushioning, waterproofing and warmth. ■ Lipids are made of fatty acids, which might be saturated (bad fat) or unsaturated (better fat)

10. Lipids Cooking Oils Butter Candles Things that contain lipids

11. Fatty Acids Which 3 elements make up lipids? ____, ____, ____

12. A typical lipid is made of three fatty acids (either saturated or unsaturated) and a glycerol. Circle the three fatty acids and the glycerol on your notes.

13. Proteins ■ Proteins: carry out most of the functions of the cell and make up an organism’s traits ■ Proteins must be put together correctly in order to work ■ DNA provides the codes to put proteins together

14. Proteins MuscleMeats Same

15. Proteins ■ Proteins are polymers made of amino acids.

16. Proteins ■ Enzymes, a type of protein, control the speed of reactions that “make” and “break” molecules. ○ -ase means that something is an enzyme ○ Example: Lactase is the enzyme that breaks down lactose, the sugar in dairy products. (Without this enzyme, you feel ill because you cannot digest the sugar!)

17. Nucleic Acids ■ Nucleic Acids: instructions to make proteins (traits); they store genetic information about an organism. ■ Examples: DNA and RNA ○ DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) is the “cookbook” of protein recipes for most living things on earth. Those that don’t use DNA use RNA. ○ Your DNA is unique and only an identical twin or clone will have the same DNA as you.

18. Nucleic Acids ■ The DNA double helix is made of nucleotides. DNA Nucleotide Monomer Polymer

19. Review Questions ■ Name the four biomolecules: carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids ■ What are carbs used for? Quick energy ■ What are nucleic acids used for? They are the instructions to make proteins.

20. Review Questions ■ What are the functions of lipids? Store energy long-term, make cell membranes, and keep you warm, waterproofed and cushioned. ■ What do proteins do? Make up your traits and do cell work

21. Review Questions ■ Give an example of a food that contains protein: Meat, eggs, nuts, beans ■ Give an example of a food that would have lots of carbohydrates: Candy, bread, pasta, potatoes

22. Review Questions ■ Give an example of a food where you would find a lot of carbohydrates. ○ Candy, bread, pasta, potatoes ■ Give an example of food with a lot of lipids. ○ Butter, foods fried in oil