1. Ecology Biotic and Abiotic

2. BIOMES

3. Terms EEnvironment-Surroundings of organisms EEcology-Study of how living things interact BBiotic-Living organisms a part of environment AAbiotic-Physical factors part of environment PPopulation-group of species CCommunity-All interacting species (food web) EEcosystem-All interacting communities BBiosphere-Global ecosystem

4. Biotic Factors  Food Chains and Food webs  Producers  Herbivores-1st order consumers  1 st Level Carnivores-2 nd order consumers  2 nd Level Carnivores- 3rd order consumers  Scavengers-Search for dead consumers  Decomposers-bacteria, fungus, insects

5. Energy Flows and Matter Cycles Energy flow through an ecosystem

6. How is energy transferred? 90% used by organism and about 10% passed on

7. Food Webs Identify the: 1. Producers 2. Primary Consumers 3. Secondary Consumers 4. Herbivores 5. Carnivores 6. Omnivores

8. TROPHIC LEVELS

10. Chaparral Food Chains and Food Webs

11. Location of Chaparral Biome  This is the Santa Ynez Mountains, a chaparral located in Southern California.  A chaparral biome is created when cool seawater meets a landmass with high average temperatures.

12. Location of Chaparral Biome  Found in a little bit of most of the continents  All the blue highlighted area on the map is Chaparral Biome

13. Chaparral Climate  Often called the Mediterranean climate  Mild and moist, but not rainy  During the summer it is very hot and dry  The temperature is usually mild but it can range from between 30° and 100° F

14. California Chaparral Plants  The plants that are adapted to dry summers  The plants conserve water through small, waxy leaves and using water efficiently.  The Chaparral contains 2,036 of plants other than trees.

15. Dominant Chaparral Plants Toyon Bitter Cherry Manzanita Chamise

16. Chaparral Animals

18. Biomagnification  Pollutants and heavy metals do not leave the organism.  Instead they accumulate every time they are eaten/consumed.  Extremely dangerous to higher order consumers.

19. Energy Flows and Matter Cycles Focus on Matter Cycling

20. Four cycles only focus on three  Water cycle-you should already know it…we will not discuss it, but you are expected to know it.  Carbon cycle  Nitrogen cycle

21. Carbon Cycle  CHON-essential element for life  Exists in many molecules  Carbon dioxide  Carbohydrates  Amino acids  Fats  etc  Cell respiration  Photosynthesis

22. Nitrogen Cycle  choN  70+% of atmosphere composed of N  Essential for life  Helps form amino acids which in turn form proteins.  Many chemical changes for N to be in useable form.

23. Nitrogen makes up 78%of the atmosphere, but most organisms can not use this form of nitrogen, and must have the fixed form.

24.  Step 1: A special type of bacteria called nitrogen fixing bacteria take in atmospheric nitrogen and produce ammonia (NH 3 ). ammonia

25.  Step 2: Other bacteria use this ammonia to produce nitrates and nitrites, which are nitrogen and oxygen containing compounds.

26.  Step 3: The nitrates and nitrites are used by plants to make amino acids which are then used to make plant proteins.

27.  Step 4: Plants are consumed by other organisms which use the plant amino acids to make their own.

28.  Step 5: Decomposers convert the nitrogen found in other organisms into ammonia and return it to the soil. A few of these type of bacteria return nitrogen to the atmosphere by a process called denitrification, however this amount is small.