2.  Reduce costs.  Reduce damage.  Increase space and equipment utilization.  Increase throughput.  Increase productivity.  Improve working conditions.

3. Can the move be eliminated? Can the move be combined with another or within an in- transit operation? Can the move be simplified? Can the sequence of moves be changed to advantage?

4.  Define the objectives and scope for material handling system.  Analyze the requirements for handling, storing and controlling material.  Generate alternative designs for meeting material handling system requirements.  Evaluate alternative material handling system designs.  Select the preferred design for handling, storing and controlling material.  Implement the preferred design, including the selection of supplies, training of personnel, installation, debug and startup of equipment, and periodic audits of system performance.

5.  Conveyors  Monorails, Hoists, crane  Automated Storage/ Retrieval Systems  Industrial Trucks  Containers and Supports  Auxiliary and Other Equipment

9. ‘A load board with two decks separated by bearers, or a singe deck supported by bearers, constructed with a view to transport and stacking and with the overall height reduced to a minimum compatible with handling by fork lift trucks and pallet trucks’ ( British Standards Institution, BS 2629) ‘A load board comprising a single deck supported on bearers or legs, with an uninterrupted space between the bearers or legs for the entry of a stillage truck. If required, the deck may be fitted with a superstructure’.

10. Having base boards, these can be stacked on top of another Made of timber/ steel/ plastic. Pallets base boards and bearers can be positioned to provide access for forks or fingers of a fork lift truck - May have 2 way, 4 way or 8 way entry - May be winged, collapsible or may have 4 posts like a trolley - Vehicle stacking Having no base boards, cannot be safely stacked Made of timber or steel only Having no baseboards, only wheels of the stillage truck allow a free and unobstructed entry - use only stillage or platform truck - horizontal movement of goods

11. Requires a clearance of in (95mm). For ‘through -transit’ by road, rail and sea Sizes Std - 40 in x 48 in UK - 40 in x 40 in Rest of Europe - 32 in x 48 in Requires a minimum clearance of 6 in(152mm). For transferring load upto 2.5 tonne Sizes Std - 20 in x 30 in UK - 48 in x 84 in

12. 8 ft high x 8 ft wide x 40 ft long x 30 ft long x 20 ft long x 10 ft long x 7 ft long

13. 1)Size of the carrier in shipping and receiving. 2)Size and weight of items to be placed on the pallet. 3)Dimensions of space for storing loaded/ unloaded pallet. 4)Equipment used to move loaded/ unloaded pallets. 5)Cost, supply and maintenance considerations. 6)Aisle widths, door sizes and clear stacking heights.

14. (a) Block Pattern (b) Row Pattern (c) Pinwheel Pattern (d) Honeycomb Pattern

16. Standard Single Deck Wooden Pallet Three-board single-deck expendable shipping pallet Double-wing-type (stevedore) pallet Double-faced nonreversible pallet for pallet truck handling Four-way block-leg pallet