2. Bellwork Plant or Animal?

3. What is an animal? Backbone? Cell Wall? One Celled?

4. Chapter 26 Sponges and Cnidarians

5. What is an animal? Heterotrophs Multicellular Eukaryotic Do not have cell walls Kingdom Animalia

6. Invertebrates Do not have a backbone or vertebral column Size – from microscopic dust mite to giant squid (59 feet; almost a ton) Include over 95% of all animal species

8. Invertebrates http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/anima ls/invertebrates/giant-squid/ http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/anima ls/invertebrates/giant-squid/

9. Vertebrates Represent the other 5 % Have a backbone or vertebral column Include fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals

10. How Animals Survive Feeding, respiration, circulation, excretion, response, movement, reproduction Have many different ways to carry out these functions Maintain homeostasis – temperature, blood sugar, heart rate, respiratory rate, etc…,

11. Feedback loops involve feedback inhibition – in which the product or result of a process stops or limits the process

12. Feeding Most do not absorb, but must eat or ingest it Herbivores, Carnivores, Detritivores, Filter feeders, Symbiotic Relationships

13. Respiration Whether on land or in the water, all animals respire – take in Oxygen and give off Carbon dioxide Some by diffusion Some complex circulatory system organs and tissues No

14. Circulation Some rely on diffusion to transport oxygen, nutrients, and waste products… Works because they are only a few cell layers thick Larger animals rely on circulatory tissues, organs and systems to circulate oxygen, nutrients, and wastes

15. Excretion Ammonia primary waste product of metabolism that contains Nitrogen Is poisonous Must eliminate ammonia or change it to a less toxic substance to be removed from the body Removing wastes maintains homeostasis

16. Response Responds to events in environment using nerve cells

17. Sexual Reproduction By producing haploid gametes (egg and sperm.) Helps create genetic diversity Involves Crossing over Improves species abilities to evolve when the environment changes.

18. Asexual Reproduction Many invertebrates reproduce asexually Offspring are genetically identical to parent Increases numbers rapidly

19. Complex Animals Generally, the more complex, the more highly evolved High levels of cell specialization High levels of internal body organization Bilateral symmetry A front end or head with sense organs A body cavity

20. Bilateral Symmetry Only one imaginary plane can divide the body into two equal halves. They have left and right sides Front and back ends- Anterior/Posterior Upper and lower sides- Dorsal/Ventral

21. Cephalization In animals with bilateral symmetry Sense organs and nerve cells at the front end of the body Respond to the environment more quickly and in more complex ways

22. Radial Symmetry Every animal has body symmetry except for sponges = Asymmetrical Radial Symmetry – have body parts that repeat around the center of the body. Think of a bicycle tire in which any number of imaginary planes can be drawn through the center, each dividing the body into equal halves

23. Sponges

24. Simplest animals, least evolved 540 million years old Most ancient animals Most live in oceans From arctic regions to tropical waters Phylum – Porifera – meaning pore bearers

25. Form and Function No mouth or gut No tissues or organ systems A few specialized cells

26. Body Plan Asymmetrical No front or back end Large cylindrical water pump Choanocytes – use flagella to move a steady current of water through the sponge Water enters through pores and leaves through the osculum – large hole at top

27. Sponges Sponge with Dye World of Sponges (Show at end of ppt.) World of Sponges Freshwater Sponges (Show at end of ppt.) Freshwater Sponges

28. This movement of water provides: feeding, respiration, circulation, and excretion Have simple skeleton Harder sponges – skeleton make of spicules – spike- shaped, made of chalk-like calcium carbonate or glasslike silica Spicules made by archaeocytes – cells that move around within the walls of the sponge

29. Softer sponges have internal skeleton made of spongin – flexible protein fibers

30. Feeding Filter feeders Digestion takes place inside cells Food particles are trapped and engulfed by choanocytes

31. Choanocytes (a summary) Have flagella Create current Trap and engulf food particles Transport partly digested food particles to archaeocytes

33. Archaeocytes 1.Make spicules 2.Move around 3.Complete digestion 4.Transport digested particles

36. Respiration, Circulation, Excretion Carried out by moving water Oxygen diffuses into cells Carbon dioxide, and Ammonia diffuse out of the cells

37. Response No nervous system to respond to changes in the environment For protection, some produce toxins that are unpalatable or poisonous

38. Spopnge Economy Sponge Harvesting 4 New Species of Sponges

39. Reproduction Sexually or Asexually Most sponges form egg and sperm by meiosis Eggs fertilized inside the sponges body – internal fertilization Sperm of one sponge are released and carried by currents inside the body of another sponge Archaeocytes carry the sperm to the egg

40. After fertilization, zygote develops into a larva Larva are motile and carried by currents – until they attach to the sea floor and begin to grow

42. Reproduction Asexual By budding or producing gemmules Budding – part of sponge breaks off, settles to the sea floor, and begins to grow Gemmules – produced in difficult environmental conditions Gemmules are groups of aechaeocytes surrounded by spicules

43. The gemmules are another means of surviving adverse conditions, and germinate when conditions improves. They are composed of a mass of archaeocytes rich in food reserves, and in fresh-water species possess a hard coat. Marine gemmules develop external flagella at one pole and after swimming for a time attach by the opposite pole and develop into young sponges. The gemmules are another means of surviving adverse conditions, and germinate when conditions improves. They are composed of a mass of archaeocytes rich in food reserves, and in fresh-water species possess a hard coat. Marine gemmules develop external flagella at one pole and after swimming for a time attach by the opposite pole and develop into young sponges. The gemmules are another means of surviving adverse conditions, and germinate when conditions improves. They are composed of a mass of archaeocytes rich in food reserves, and in fresh-water species possess a hard coat. Marine gemmules develop external flagella at one pole and after swimming for a time attach by the opposite pole and develop into young sponges.

44. Gemmules can survive freezing temperatures and drought When conditions become favorable, the gemmule will grow into a new sponge

45. Ecology of Sponges Provide habitats for snails, sea stars, and shrimps… Commensalism Photosynthetic organisms provide food and oxygen for the sponge, sponge provides protection… Mutualism In deep waters, spicules act like a lens, and focus sunlight to photosynthetic organisms – This adaptation allows sponges to live in a range of habitats

48. Cnidarians

49. Phylum Cnidaria Hydras, jellyfishes, sea anemones, and corals Some live as individuals Some live in colonies of dozens or thousands of connected individuals

50. Cnidarians

53. Cnidarians are soft-bodied, carnivorous, and have stinging tentacles that surround the mouth Have Radial symmetry and specialized tissues Cnidocysts – stinging cells - along their tentacles – used for defense and catching prey Cnidocysts have nematocysts – poison filled stinging structure that contains a tightly coiled dart p.669

54. Nematocysts Jellyfish Box Jelly

55. Form and Function Specialized tissues for feeding and movement

56. Body Plan Have a life cycle that includes a polyp and medusa Polyp – cylindrical, mouth points upward surrounded by tentacles, sessile Medusa – motile, mouth on bottom, bell shaped body

58. Internal space – gastrovascular cavity – digestive chamber with only one opening a)Gastroderm – inner lining where digestion takes place b)Mesoglea –middle layer c)Epidermis – outer layer of cells

61. Feeding Paralyzes prey, pulls it through its mouth and into its gastrovascular cavity Extracellular digestion Absorbed by the gastroderm, where digestion is completed Any materials that cannot be digested, exit the mouth

62. Circulation, Respiration, and Excretion Nutrients - transported by diffusion Respiration – diffusion Elimination - diffusion

63. Response Use specialized sensory cells –Nerve Net Nerve Net – loosely organized network of cells that together allow cnidarians to detect stimuli – touch Distributed uniformly

66. Statocysts – sensory cells that help determine the direction of gravity Ocelli – eyespot – made of cells that detect light Statocyst = Gravity

68. Movement Different cnidarians move in different ways Sea anemones – hydrostatic skeleton Consists of a layer of circular muscles and a layer of longitudinal muscles that, together with the water in the gastrovascular cavity, enable the cnidarian to move Body becomes taller

69. Muscles and Nerves

71. Medusa – jet propulsion – water comes in to and out of the bell

72. Reproduction Sexual and Asexual Polyps – asexually – budding Tiny Medusa – is produced asexually – budding – Large Medusa reproduces sexually Page 672 External Fertilization – sexual reproduction Most are either male or female

73. Sea Anemone vs Jellyfish Lion's Mane Jelly

74. Ecology of Corals Distribution determined by a)Temperature b)Water depth c)Light intensity

75. Symbiotic Relationship With Algae Algae capture sunlight, recycle nutrients, and help corals lay down their Calcium carbonate skeletons. Provide as much as 60% of the energy that corals need This allows corals to live in nutrient poor waters

78. Human Activity and Corals Recreational divers break corals Silt and sediments from logging, mining, and construction smother corals Chemical fertilizers, insecticides, and industrial pollutants poison corals Coral Bleaching – high water temperatures kill algae - which will lead to lack of oxygen and nutrients

80. circulatory system pics cells