1. Urban Patterns

2. Urban Settlements  Urbanization Increasing urban percentage Increasing urban populations  Defining urban settlements Social differences between urban and rural settlements Physical definitions of urban settlements

3. Percent of Population Living in Urban Areas

4. Large Cities Cities with 3 million or more people. Most of the largest cities are now in LDCs.

5. Percent Urban by Region

6. What is a city?  Lewis Mumford (1937): – A city is a geographic plexus, an economic organization, an institutional process, a theater of social action and an aesthetic symbol of collective unity. The city creates the theater and it is the theater.  Has a distinct physical form (which changes over time)  The physical form is based on social exchanges of various kinds (economic, institutional, cultural)  These social exchanges are predicated on specific networks  Networks are geographical in 2 ways: They intersect in the city in particular locations They stretch out beyond the city to other locations in specific ways  Like theater, has intensity  And, cities both reflect and shape the societies in which they exist

7. What is Urban Geography?  Historically, geographers have examined how and why areas, or spaces, are the same or different  Urban geographers seek to understand and identify: why cities are alike and different regular patterns of urban development, housing, employment, diversity the social, economic, & political trends of urban versus non-urban spaces

8. The Functions of Urban Areas  Retailing  Wholesaling  Manufacturing  Business Services  Entertainment  Political & Official Administration  Military Defense Needs  Social & Religious Service  Public Services  Education  Transportation & Communications  Meeting Places  Recreation  Visitor Services  Residential Areas

9. Traditional Patterns of Urban Structure Historic Cores Narrow, Complex Streets Built Before Auto Era Plazas and Squares Scars of War Symbolism Compact in Form Low Skylines Lively Downtowns Neighborhood Stability Municipal Socialism

10. Pre-Industrial Cities Third World Cities  These are cities that have not been influenced by industrialization.  The social structure is usually based on a hierarchical class system.  There is a three level differentiation.  The elite or the ruling class occupies the center of the city; the lower class and the outcastes occupy the intermediate and the outer peripheral areas respectively.  Transportation modes are quite primitive (usually walking, bullock carts, and so on).  Since these cities depend on small agricultural retail, they are usually small in size.

11. Megacities  NPR story NPR story

12. Industrial & Post-Industrial Third World Cities  Industrial Cities Cities with a significant manufacturing component. Factories are located in central areas, which are accessible by mass transportation (buses, trains). These cities survive as long as they maintain a comparative advantage over other cities in the manufacturing sector.  Post-Industrial Cities These are cities that have "graduated from industrialization" into service (business, leisure) industries. Most Third World cities are yet to reach this stage.

13. Colonial Cities  The pattern of colonial cities depends on the colonies of which they were a part of.  Spanish conquistadores completely erased indigenous settlements and mingled with the local culture to become a part of it.  Thus, Spanish colonial cities are more unitary in nature and follow Spanish elements.  Most of the cities in Latin America to the west of Andes, for example, follow the Laws of Indies that were promulgated by the Spain's King during late sixteenth century.  Their administrative system is also more centralized than that of the Portuguese in Brazil.

14. Colonial Cities  On the other hand, the French and the British never mingled with the local population and created separate quarters for themselves.  Thus, French and British colonies usually have a "White Town" consisting of spacious houses, well laid out streets and a "Native Town" which were usually quite dense and housed the indigenous population.  In apartheid countries of Africa, the division is very well defined.  Most colonial cities were either coastal (to allow maritime trade with the colonies) or administrative.

15. Post-Colonial Cities  Colonialism has strong impact on the form of post-colonial cities, and reflect some of their earlier characteristics.  The elite and the upper class usually buy properties from the previous colonial owners, thus transforming such areas into rich enclaves.  Africa is facing a more turbulent situation with the transfer of property as many properties owned by the White are being forcibly taken over by native blacks (e.g. South Africa, Zimbabwe).

16. Asian Colonial City Structures South Asian Colonial City Southeast Asian Colonial City

17. Latin American City Model Fig. 13-15: In many Latin American cities, the wealthy live in the inner city and in a sector extending along a commercial spine.

18. US Megalopolitan Areas

19. St. Louis City, Urbanized Area and Metropolitan Statistical Area

20. The BosWash Megalopolis The Boston-Washington corridor extends over 700 km and contains about one-quarter of U.S. population.

21. Urban Structure  Three models of urban structure Concentric zone model Sector model Multiple nuclei model  Geographic applications  Use of the models outside North America European cities Less developed countries

22. Models of Urban Land Structure  Concentric Zone Model  Sector Model  Multiple-Nuclei Model

23. Inside the City  Competitive bidding for land determines much of the land use within the city  In general, population density & land values decrease as distance from the CBD increases – Peak-value intersections Population densities tend to show a hollow center

24. Concentric Zone Model In the concentric zone model, a city grows in a series of rings surrounding the CBD.

25. Home Ownership Patterns as an Example of the Concentric Zone Model

26. In the sector model, a city grows in a series of wedges or corridors extending out from the CBD. Sector Model

27. Household Income Patterns as an Example of the Sector Model

28. Multiple Nuclei Model The multiple nuclei model views a city as a collection of individual centers, around which different people and activities cluster.

29. Racial Patterns as an Example of the Multiple Nuclei Model

30. Inner Cities  Inner-city physical problems Deterioration process (esp. housing) Transportation Gentrification  Inner-city social problems Underclass-Culture of poverty Homelessness Crime  Inner-city economic problems Annexation Inadequate job skills

31. Automobile Congestion and the Lack of Public Transit Congestion, pollution, community disruption and lack of mobility – especially between housing and jobs – are problems strangling the economic life of many US cities.

32. Fragmentation and the Problem of Solving Regional Problems Lack of ability to grow through annexation separation by economic class, and segregation by race make many urban problems worse and more difficult to solve.

33. Problems of Suburbs  The peripheral model Density gradient Cost of suburban sprawl Suburban segregation  Transportation and suburbanization Motor vehicles Public transportation  Local government fragmentation Metropolitan government Growing smart

34. Peripheral Model of Urban Areas The central city is surrounded by a ring road, around which are suburban areas and edge cities, shopping malls, office parks, industrial areas, and service complexes.

35. The Suburbanization of Retail Centers in Atlanta Following the suburbanization of population, most major malls in Atlanta are in the suburbs, as are a significant number of the jobs.

36. Suburban Development in the U.S. and U.K. Fig. 13-22: New housing in the U.K. is likely to be in planned new towns, while in the U.S. growth occurs in discontinuous developments.

37. Public Transport in Brussels Brussels illustrates the integration of heavy rail and light rail in public transport.

38. Compared to the US cities, the more affluent and professional populations live in the center of Paris.

39. Mexico City The Aztec city of Tenochtitlán was built on an island in Lake Texcoco. Today poorer people live on a landfill in the former lakebed, and the elite live to the west.

40. Fès (Fez), Morocco The old city in the east has narrow winding streets and dense population. The French laid out a new district to the west with a geometric street pattern.

41. Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam In Ho Chi Minh City (formerly Saigon), the French demolished the previous city and replaced it with a colonial design with boulevards and public squares.

42. Key Terms & Concepts  Urbanized area  Metropolitan statistical area  Filtering  Gentrification  Smart Growth  Sprawl  Concentric zone model  Sector model  Multiple nuclei theory  Peripheral model  Megalopolitan area  Annexation  Suburbs  Urban renewal  Colonial cities  Third world cities