1. Unit 7: Cities and Urban Land Use Chapter 13: Urban Patterns

2. Urban Patterns Global distributions of cities – MDCs are highly urbanized; shift from primary to secondary to tertiary+ sectors Urban/inner city/suburban contrasts CBD/downtown vs. uniform landscape of suburbs (diversity vs. globalization) Urban problems (crime, poverty, traffic, pollution) vs. urban conveniences (shops, culture, jobs, leisure)

3. Key Issue #1: Where Have Urban Areas Grown? 1800: only 3% of pop. in cities on Earth (only Beijing over 1 million) Since 2000: 50% of pop. live in cities (over 400 cities over 1 million population) Urbanization – growth of cities by population ①Increase in % of people in cities Urban population passed rural population worldwide around 2008 (1 st time in history) Large % urbanized – measure of development level – MDCs – 75% urban – LDCs – 40% urban – Exception: Latin America (LDCs urbanized comparable to MDCs)

4. Key Issue #1: Where Have Urban Areas Grown? Urbanization – growth of cities by population ①Increase in % of people in cities Industrial Revolution in 1800s & growth of services in 20 th century led to changing economic structure in MDCs and rapid urbanization – Migration from rural to urban for factories & services – Corresponds to lower % in rural areas Urbanization has mostly ended/stagnated/balanced in MDCs Rapid rise in LDCs in recent years for manufacturing & services – Declining opportunities on farms – Jobs in cities are not assured because LDCs rapid population growth (Stage 2 & 3 of DT) & limited economic growth

5. Key Issue #1: Where Have Urban Areas Grown? Urbanization – growth of cities by population ②Increase in # of people in cities MDCs have a higher % urban, but LDCs have more very large cities (megacities) 7 of 10 largest cites in world in LDCs (by metro area) – Tokyo, Jakarta, Seoul, Shanghai, New York, Delhi, Mexico City, Beijing, Lagos, Mumbai 1800 – 3 of top 10 in Europe (rest in Asia) 1900 – 9 of 10 in MDCs due to industrialization Rapid growth in LDCs is not a measure of improved development – Migration from rural to urban even with few jobs available – Rapid population growth (high NIR), particularly in Africa

6. Key Issue #1: Where Have Urban Areas Grown? Defining Urban Settlements – Difficult to delineate rural/urban boundary; disagreement among authorities on definition – Social Difference Between Urban & Rural Settlements 1930s Louis Wirth – difference in way of life (rural v. urban) 3 characteristics of a city: ①Large Size – Rural – know many/most people, may be related – Urban – know small % of residents; meet in specific roles (boss, plumber, cashier, co-worker, neighbor, etc.); contractual relationships (paid wages, pay for services) ②High Density – Specialization require to support large # of people in a small area – Each person plays a specific role – Encourages competition for survival in limited space (to occupy space)

7. Key Issue #1: Where Have Urban Areas Grown? Defining Urban Settlements – Social Difference Between Urban & Rural Settlements Wirth’s 3 characteristics of a city: ③Social Heterogeneity – The larger the settlement, the greater variety of people (can find more with similar interests) – More freedom in urban areas to pursue unusual professions, religion, lifestyles, interests (may be scorned/discouraged in rural areas) – Feelings of loneliness & isolation (surrounded by indifferent crowd) Wirth’s rules may still apply in LDCs but not so much in MDCs – rural areas of MDCs more similar to urban areas due to autos/phones/TVs/Internet/etc. Cities are non-agricultural (services & industry) Cities are agglomerated with continuous/contiguous settlement

8. Key Issue #1: Where Have Urban Areas Grown? Defining Urban Settlements – Physical Definitions of Urban Settlements Historically surrounded by walls No walls today & rapid territory expansion have blurred physical boundaries of cities 3 ways to define urban settlements: ①Legal Definition – Legally incorporated into an independent, self-governing unit – Almost all countries have local gov’t system with cities recognized as legal entities and defined boundaries – City has ability to raise taxes, elect local officials, provide essential services (police/fire/maintenance/ambulance/etc.) – City acts as a formal region – Central city – city surrounded by suburbs in U.S.

9. Key Issue #1: Where Have Urban Areas Grown? Defining Urban Settlements – Physical Definitions of Urban Settlements 3 ways to define urban settlements: ②Urbanized Area – Central city plus its surrounding built-up suburbs – U.S. Census definition: central city plus contiguous built-up suburbs where population density exceeds 1,000 persons per square mile – About 70% of U.S. in urbanized areas (30% central city, 40% suburbs) – Few statistics available about urbanized areas; does not correspond to government boundaries ③Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) – Urban area does not fully reflect influence a city has in contemporary society – Commuters may travel long distances for work, shop, play in cities & suburbs – TV & radio, newspapers, sports teams – wide areas of influence – City acts as a functional region in MSA

10. Key Issue #1: Where Have Urban Areas Grown? Defining Urban Settlements – Physical Definitions of Urban Settlements 3 ways to define urban settlements: ③Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) – MSA definition in U.S.: » City with a population of at least 50,000 (central city) » County within which the city is located » Adjacent counties with high enough density (25 persons per sq. mile) AND high (50) % of residents working in central city’s county » Corollary – Tunica County, MS – part of Memphis MSA; high % of workers from Shelby/Desoto/etc. counties working in Tunica County – 362 MSAs in 2003 (83% of U.S. population) – Problems with MSAs – contain extensive land area that is not urban (large counties, farmland, national parks, etc.); MSAs are 20% of total U.S. land area (urban areas only 2% of U.S. land); urban area is 10% of MSA land area & 90% of population

11. Key Issue #1: Where Have Urban Areas Grown? Defining Urban Settlements – Physical Definitions of Urban Settlements 3 ways to define urban settlements: ③Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) – Micropolitan Statistical Area – small urban areas » Central city of 10,000 to 49,999 » Includes county of the city » Includes adjacent counties with significant commuters » 560 in 2003 (mostly in southern & western U.S.) » 10% of U.S. population – Overlapping MSA’s » Counties between 2 MSAs may send to both » Continuous urban complexes (called urban conurbations) » NE U.S. – Megalopolis or BoshWash corridor (Boston, NYC, Philadelphia, Baltimore, DC, plus many smaller cities) » Southern Great Lakes – Milwaukee & Chicago to Pittsburgh

12. Key Issue #1: Where Have Urban Areas Grown? Defining Urban Settlements – Physical Definitions of Urban Settlements 3 ways to define urban settlements: ③Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) – Overlapping MSA’s » Southern CA – Los Angeles, San Diego, Tijuana » San Francisco-Oakland-San Jose » German Ruhr – Dortmund, Essen, Dusseldorf » Randstad – Amsterdam, Rotterdam, the Hague (Netherlands) » Tokaido in Japan – Tokyo, Yokohama » Keihanshin in Japan – Osaka, Kyoto, Kobe » Overlap not noticeable in central city but apparent in periphery (sports, shops, work, etc.) » Dividing of DC & Baltimore MSA & Dallas-Ft. Worth MSA » NOW (since 2000 census) have a Combined Statistical Area (CSA) – grouping of MSA with micropolitan area or another MSAs (or multiples of either/both)