1. INDUSTRY Basic Industries that sell their products or services primarily to consumers outside the settlement City-forming Examples: Steel in Pittsburgh Automobiles in Detroit Technology in Silicon Valley Nonbasic Industries that sell their products primarily to consumers in the community City-serving Examples: Banks Grocery stores Construction

2. CITY EMPLOYMENT Which industry produces more jobs: Basic or Nonbasic? According to some geographers, one basic industry job produces two to four jobs Nonbasic jobs form the cities’ tax base Increasing the tax base allows for more services This is a problem for the inner-city

3. CHANGING EMPLOYMENT MIX Cities that are established on a basic industry do not remain that way forever Manufacturing towns (Pittsburgh, PA) University towns (Athens, GA) Mining towns (Virginia City, NV) As time goes, cities diversify and change Deindustrialization of the U.S. Midwest (“Rust Belt”) New industries arrive as a result of increasing population density

4. CHANGING EMPLOYMENT MIX Over time, employment demographics change Examples: Immigration Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration Industrial cities always need workers, which attract migrants Dual-income households From early 1900s to now, gender demographics have moved toward equality This leads to an increase in the number of dual-income households

5. URBAN PLANNING Planning the land use with a city or metropolitan area Only about 100 years as a profession Consider a number of different factors Aesthetics Transportation Public services Many others Zoning laws – legal restrictions on land use that determine what types of buildings and economic activities are allowed to take place in certain areas. In the United States, areas are most commonly divided into separate zones of residential, retail, or industrial use.

6. URBAN DESIGN Various architectural traditions impact the built environment of a city These traditions include: Neoclassical Modern Postmodern

7. NEOCLASSICAL

8. MODERN

9. POSTMODERN

10. RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION Most urban growth can attributed to rural to urban migration In LDCs In MDCs, countries are nearly entirely urbanized so rural to urban migration isn’t a big factor Why move from rural areas to urban areas? Economic opportunities Better life (individual or family) Effects Squatter Settlements

11. TRANSPORTATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE Modes of transportation Car Bus Train Subway City landscapes change as transportation infrastructure changes With the introduction of personal motor vehicles & highway systems, allowed Americans to move further out to the suburbs Interstate Highway System – Begun in the 1950s and funded largely by the federal (US) government, it created large, limited access superhighways, connected cities, and made it easier for people to live farther away from cities.

13. BORCHERT’S MODEL Model of interstate (or international) travel 1.Sail-Wagon Epoch (1790 – 1830) 2.Iron Horse Epoch (1830 – 1870) 3.Steel-Rail Epoch (1870 – 1920) 4.Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch (1920 – 1970) 5.Satellite-Electronic-Jet Propulsion Epoch (1970 - ?) 1.Not a formal stage of Borchert’s model

15. ADAM’S MODEL Model of intrastate (or intra-city) travel 1.Walking-Horse cart Era (1790 – 1888) 2.Electric Streetcar Era (1888 – 1920) 3.Recreational Auto Era (1920 – 1945) 4.Freeway Era (1945 – Present)

16. TRANSPORTATION & SUBURBANIZATION Suburbanization – movement of upper- and middle-class people from urban core areas to the surrounding outskirts to escape pollution as well as deteriorating social conditions (perceived or actual). In North America, the process became a mass phenomenon by the second half of the twentieth century due to decentralization of cities and automobile dependency. Suburbs Suburb – a subsidiary urban area surrounding and connected to the central city. Many are exclusively residential; others have their own commercial centers or shopping malls. Post WWII 95% of transportation within the U.S. is by personal motor car Less than 5% is by public transportation (bus or rail)

17. EDGE CITIES Edge city – a key new concept of a modern city, they combine all the functions of a central business district but are located in the suburbs and provide more jobs than homes. Galactic City A mini edge city that is connected to another city by beltways or highways Started out as residential areas, where residents would live & commute to the central city Eventually, other industries & businesses developed Shopping malls Smaller manufacturing Specialized industries Theme parks Airports surrounded by hotels & warehouses

18. TYPES OF EDGE CITIES Boomburgs Cookie cutter suburban communities that have popped up recently Greenfields Open areas potentially viewed for urban development Uptowns Residential area “up town” from the CBD

19. GALACTIC CITY MODEL Peripheral Model Peripheral model – a model of North American urban areas consisting of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road. Chauncey Harris Inner city surrounded by large suburban residential & business areas Linked by highway or beltway Edge cities developed on the outskirts the peripheral model

21. URBAN SPRAWL Urban sprawl – unrestricted growth in many American urban areas of housing, commercial development, and roads over large expanses of land, with little concern for urban planning. As people continue to move to suburban spaces, “cities” continue to grow, many times unchecked

23. PROBLEMS DUE TO URBAN SPRAWL Decision-making Municipalities City/town with local government School Districts Regional planning commissions

24. RESPONSE TO URBAN SPRAWL Greenbelts Greenbelt – a ring of land maintained as parks, agriculture, or other types of open space to limit the sprawl of an urban area. Slow-Growth Cities Mixed land use Mixed residential Well-defined boundaries (so it can’t sprawl) Walkable communities

25. NEW URBANISM New Urbanism – outlined by a group of architects, urban planners, and developers from over 20 countries, an urban design that calls for development, urban revitalization, and suburban reforms tha create walkable neighborhoods with a diversity of housing and jobs. 1.Walkability 2.Connectivity 3.Mixed-Use & Diversity 4.Mixed housing 5.Quality Architecture & Urban Design 6.Traditional Neighborhood Structure 7.Increased Density 8.Smart Transportation 9.Sustainability 10.Quality of Life Celebration, FL