1.  According to Julia T. Wood and Denis McQuail

2. 

3. Accidents

4. Tragedy

5. Political unrest

6. Rivalry

8. 

9. Sensual

10. Erotic

11. Sultry

12. Sensational

15.  Violence in primetime shows and cartoons may be used to increase interest and stimulation  People find it dull to watch shows in which there is little action  Abnormal is more newsworthy than the normal

17.  Refers to the cumulative process by which television alters belief about social reality  Watching TV promotes a distorted view of life that heavy viewers are likely to assume represents reality

18. Mainstreaming  The effect of TV in stabilizing and homogenizing within a society o If programs watched from morning to night feature extensive violence then viewers may come to believe that violence is common Resonance  The extent to which something is congruent with personal experience

19. 

20.  It is pervasive o Almost everyone owns a TV  It is uniquely accessible o It does not require particular skills  It is virtually free o No payments after initial cost of the appliance

21.  It constructs and projects images that come to define the cultural mainstream or the general view of life in society. o Blurs traditional distinctions in world views o Blends diverse realities into a single, homogeneous mainstream view o Bends the mainstream view to serve the institutional interests of TV sponsors

22.  It is less influential in fostering specific beliefs and opinions than in shaping viewers’ underlying assumptions about life and how it works  Mean world syndrome o The belief that the world is a dangerous place, full of selfish, mean people who cannot be trusted and who are likely to harm us

23.  TV is conservative in stabilizing existing social patterns and in promoting resistance to change  TV is ritualistic, relying on generic formulas to tell stories in news, drama, and comedy programs, as well as in advertising

24.  Ice-age metaphor (Gerbner, Gross, Morgan, and Signorielli, 1980) o “Just as an average temperature shift of a few degrees can lead to an ice age or the outcomes of elections can be determined by slight margins, so too can a relatively small but pervasive influence make a cultural difference.”  The size of an effect is far less critical than the direction of its steady contribution

25.  Addresses the emergence of new technologies  Additional technologies will not diminish the impact of television as a medium, but will actually reinforce and magnify it  Videos can be viewed from the home

26. Violence  TV often transmits particular and often unrealistic understanding of the world as being more violent and dangerous that statistics on actual violence indicate it is Sex  Sex-role stereotypes are more apparent in children who watch more commercial (not educational) TV (Kimball, 1986)

27. 

28.  Gender o There are relatively large differences according to gender in the manner of use of media and the meanings attached to the activity o It relates to power roles within the family and the general nature of relationships between men and women  Sexuality

29.  strong emphasis on eroticism and sublime sex o People will have expectations for sexual perfectionism in their own relationships (Shapiro & Kroeger, 1991) o People who watch sexually violent MTV are more likely to regard sexual violence as normal in relationships (Dieter, 1989)

32.  Communication Theories In Action, An Introduction (1977) by Julia T. Wood  Mass Communication Theory, An Introduction, 3 rd edition (1994) by Denis McQuail