2. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 26-1 Structure of a Skeletal Muscle  Muscles are attached to bones by tendons!  Muscles can be arranged in a Hierarchy  What is a hierarchy? Think of systems of power, like at our school

3. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 26-2 Skeletal Muscle Hierarchy Muscle: groups of fascicles surrounded by tissue called fascia Fascicle: bundles of muscle cells Muscle Fiber: collections of sarcomeres, one muscle cell Myofibril: sacromeres joined end-to-end (actin/myosin) Sacromeres: the Functional unit of muscle contraction

4. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 26-3 Skeletal Muscles are Striated: striped  Myosin Thick myofibrils Appear as dark lines in muscles  Actin thin myofibrils Appear as lighter lines in muscles

5. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 26-4 Daily Quiz 1.Draw the muscle hierarchy

6. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 26-5 Functions of Muscle Muscle has the ability to contract, permitting muscles to perform various functions  Functions: Movement Stability Control of body openings and passages Heat production Click for Larger View

7. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 26-6 Functions of Muscle: Stability  Hold bones tightly together Stabilize joints  Small muscles hold vertebrae together Stabilize the spinal column

8. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 26-7 Functions of Muscle: Control of Body Openings and Passages  Sphincters Valve-like structures formed by muscles Control movement of substances in and out of passages Example:  A urethral sphincter prevents or allows urination

9. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 26-8 Functions of Muscle: Heat Production  Heat is released with muscle contraction Helps the body maintain a normal temperature Moving your body can make you warmer if you are cold

10. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 26-9 Apply Your Knowledge True or False: ___ Skeletal muscles are attached to bones by ligaments. __ Contractions of smooth muscle produce movement of organ contents. ___ Cardiac muscle produces atrial and ventricular contractions. ___ Sphincters control movement of substances out of passages. ___ Heat is released as muscles relax. tendons in and out contract T T F F F ANSWER:

11. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 26-10 Types of Muscle Tissue (cont.) Muscle Group Major Location Major Function Mode of Control Skeletal Muscle Attached to bones and skin of the face Produces body movements and facial expressions Voluntary Smooth Muscle Walls of hollow organs, blood vessels, and iris Moves contents through organs; vasoconstriction Involuntary Cardiac Muscle Wall of the heartPumps blood through heart Involuntary

12. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 26-11 Structure of Skeletal Muscles  Skeletal muscles The major components of the muscular system  Composition Connective tissue Skeletal muscle tissue Blood vessels Nerves

13. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 26-12 Structure: Connective Tissue Coverings  Fascia Covers entire skeletal muscles Separates them from each other  Tendon A tough, cord-like structure made of fibrous connective tissue Connects muscles to bones  Aponeurosis A tough, sheet-like structure made of fibrous connective tissue Attaches muscles to other muscles

14. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 26-13  Epimysium A thin covering that is just below the fascia of a muscle and surrounds the entire muscle  Perimysium Connective tissue that divides a muscle into sections called fascicles  Endomysium Covering of connective tissue that surrounds individual muscle cells Structure: Connective Tissue Coverings (cont.)

15. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 26-14 Apply Your Knowledge Match the following: __Thin covering under the fascia that surrounds the muscle __Separates muscles from each other __Connects muscles to bones __Divides a muscle into sections called fascicles __Surrounds individual muscle cells __Attaches muscles to other muscles A.Tendon B.Perimysium C.Aponeurosis D.Epimysium E.Fascia F.Endomysium E A B F C D ANSWER:

16. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 26-15 Attachments and Actions of Skeletal Muscles  Actions depend largely on what the muscles are attached to  Attachment sites Origin – an attachment site for a less movable bone Insertion – an attachment site for a more moveable bone

17. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 26-16 Attachments and Actions (cont.)  Movement usually produced by a group of muscles Prime mover – muscle responsible for most of the movement Synergists – muscles that help the prime mover by stabilizing joints Antagonist (agonist) – produces movement opposite to prime mover  Relaxes when prime mover contracts

18. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 26-17 Attachments and Actions: Body Movements Flexion – bending a body part Extension – straightening a body part Hyperextension – extending a body part past the normal anatomical position Dorsiflexion – pointing the toes up Plantar flexion – pointing the toes down Abduction – moving a body part away from the anatomical position Adduction – moving a body part toward the anatomical position

19. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 26-18 Circumduction – moving a body part in a circle Pronation – turning the palm of the hand down Supination – turning the palm of the hand up Inversion – turning the sole of the foot medially Eversion – turning the sole of the foot laterally Retraction – moving a body part posteriorly Protraction – moving a body part anteriorly Attachments and Actions: Body Movements (cont.)

20. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 26-19 Elevation – lifting a body part; for example, elevating the shoulders as in a shrugging expression Depression – lowering a body part; for example, lowering the shoulders Attachments and Actions: Body Movements (cont.)

21. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 26-20 Apply Your Knowledge ANSWER: Move the patient’s leg away from its position in the anatomical position. The doctor has asked you to abduct the patient’s leg so he can see the patient’s wound. In order to position the patient correctly, what will you have to do? Correct!

22. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 26-21 Daily Quiz 1. Sphincters control passage of materials out of an organ. (True or false) 2. What connects muscles to bones? 3. Every movement involves three muscles the prime mover, antagonist, and synergists. What does each do?

23. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 26-22 Major Skeletal Muscles  The muscle name indicates Location Size Action Shape OR Number of attachments of the muscle  As you study muscles, you will find it easier to remember them if you think about what the name describes.

24. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 26-23 Major Skeletal Muscles: The Head  Sternocleidomastoid Pulls the head to one side Pulls the head to the chest  Frontalis Raises the eyebrows  Splenius capitis Rotates the head Allows it to bend to the side  Orbicularis oris Allows the lips to pucker

25. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 26-24 Major Skeletal Muscles: The Head (cont.)  Orbicularis oculi Allows the eyes to close  Zygomaticus Pulls the corners of the mouth up  Platysma Pulls the corners of the mouth down  Masseter and temporalis Close the jaw

26. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 26-25 Major Skeletal Muscles: Upper Arm  Pectoralis major Pulls the arm across the chest Rotates and adducts the arms  Latissimus dorsi Extends and adducts the arm and rotates the arm inwardly

27. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 26-26 Major Skeletal Muscles: Upper Arm (cont.)  Deltoid Abducts and extends the arm at the shoulder  Subscapularis Rotates the arm medially

28. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 26-27 Major Skeletal Muscles: Forearm  Biceps brachii Flexes the arm at the elbow Rotates the hand laterally

29. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 26-28 Major Skeletal Muscles: Forearm (cont.)  Triceps brachii Extends the arm at the elbow  Supinator Rotates the forearm laterally (supination)  Pronator teres Rotates the forearm medially (pronation)

30. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 26-29 Major Skeletal Muscles: Respiratory  Diaphragm Separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity Its contraction causes inspiration  External and internal intercostals Expand and lower the ribs during breathing

31. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 26-30 Major Skeletal Muscles: Abdominal  External and internal obliques Compress the abdominal wall  Rectus abdominis Flexes the vertebral column Compresses the abdominal wall Click for View of Abdominal Muscles

32. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 26-31 Abdominal Muscles (cont.)

33. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 26-32 Major Skeletal Muscles: Pectoral Girdle  Trapezius Raises the arms Pulls the shoulders downward  Pectoralis minor Pulls the scapula downward Raises the ribs Click for View of Pectoral Girdle Muscles

34. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 26-33 Major Skeletal Muscles: Leg  Gluteus maximus Extends the thigh  Gluteus medius and minimus Abduct the thighs Rotate them medially

35. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 26-34 Major Skeletal Muscles: Leg (cont.)  Adductor longus and magnus Adduct the thighs Rotate them laterally  Biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus Known as the hamstring group Flex the leg at the knee Extend the leg at the thigh

36. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 26-35  Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius Extend the leg at the knee  Sartorius Flexes the leg at the knee and thigh Abducts the thigh, rotating the thigh laterally but rotating the lower leg medially Major Skeletal Muscles: Leg (cont.)

37. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 26-36 Major Skeletal Muscles: Ankle, Foot, and Toes  Tibialis anterior Inverts the foot and point the foot up (dorsiflexion)  Gastrocnemius Flexes the foot and flexes the leg at the knee

38. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 26-37  Soleus Flexes the foot  Flexor digitorum longus Flexes the foot and toes Major Skeletal Muscles: Ankle, Foot, and Toes (cont.)

39. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 26-38 Apply Your Knowledge ANSWER: You would look at the back of his leg, and the muscles involved would be the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus. These three muscles are known as the hamstring group. Your patient complains of hurting his hamstring when running today. You would look at what part of the leg, and what muscles would be involved? Bravo!

40. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 26-39 Muscle Strains and Sprains  Strains – injuries due to over-stretched muscles or tendons  Sprains – more serious injuries that result in tears to tendons, ligaments, and/or cartilage of joints  RICE is recommended treatment for either Rest Ice Compression Elevation

41. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 26-40 Diseases and Disorders of the Muscular System DiseaseDescription BotulismAffects the gastrointestinal tract and various muscle groups FibromyalgiaFairly common condition that causes chronic pain primarily in joints, muscles, and tendons Muscular Dystrophy Inherited disorder characterized by muscle weakness and a loss of muscle tissue Myasthenia gravisAutoimmune condition in which patients experience muscle weakness

42. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 26-41 In Summary  Skeletal muscles Voluntary control Produce movement in conjunction with skeletal system Help stabilize joints Participate in heat production  Smooth muscles Involuntary control Control body openings and passages  Cardiac muscles Involuntary control Responsible for pumping action of the heart