1. NATIVE TEXANS

2. FIRST PEOPLE IN THE AMERICAS
Freezing temperatures of the Ice Age create huge glaciers.
The ocean levels fall.
The Bering Straight becomes dry, forming a land bridge from Asia to Alaska. (30,000 to 14,000 B.C.)
Early Asian people. cross the land
People settle in North America.
People arrive in Texas. (11,000 B.C.)

3. FIRST PEOPLES IN THE AMERICAS

4. PREHISTORIC PAST Prehistory is the time before written records.
The prehistoric peoples did leave artifacts behind.
Artifacts are objects made by humans that show how they once lived.
Artifacts may include arrowheads, scrappers, tools, pottery, pottery shards, etc.

5. PREHISTORIC PAST
Archaeologists study and learn about past cultures from the artifacts they find.
Artifacts can be found at ancient campsites and hunting sites.
The different kinds of tools, animal bones, and other objects found provide clues about how the people lived.
Carbon-14 dating and DNA testing are also used.

6. ARTIFACTS
CLOVIS POINTS

7. ARTIFACTS
TEXAS POINTS

8. ARTIFACTS
BIRD POINTS

9. ARTIFACTS
DRILLS

10. ARTIFACTS
PERDINALES POINTS

11. ARTIFACTS
STONE GRINDERS

12. ARTIFACTS
STONE GRINDER

13. ARTIFACTS
SCRAPPER

14. ARTIFACTS
PICTURE GRAPHS
SEMINOLE CANYON

15. ARTIFACTS
PICTOGRAPHS
SEMINOLE CANYON

16. ARTIFACTS
PICTOGRAPH
PAINTROCK

17. ARTIFACTS
PICTOGRAPH
PAINTROCK

18. EARLY PEOPLES IN TEXAS
Archaeologists divide the time from the arrival of the first Native Americans and the arrival of Europeans into three eras.
Paleolithic Era - until about 6,000B.C.
Archaic Era - until about 700 A.D.
Late Prehistoric Era - final 800 or so years
Most early peoples were hunters-gatherers.
Hunter-gatherers searched for wild plants and animals to eat.

19. PALEOLITHIC ERA
They followed mammoths and other slow-moving animals across the High Plains of the Panhandle and on the Edwards Plateau.
They traveled on foot.
Hunted by using spears tipped with sharpened points of flint.
They would circle the animals at a waterhole.

20. PALEOLITHIC ERA
They learned that by working in groups they could drive the bison herds over cliffs or into swamps were they could be killed.
Some groups learned to chase them into corrals.
They would dry the meat in strips to eat later.
They made pemmican, dried meat mixed with animal fat and berries.

21. PALEOLITHIC ERA
PEMMICAN

22. ARCHAIC ERA By 6000 B.C. the Ice Age had ended.
The climate became warmer and drier.
The plant life changed.
The people had to find new sources of food and new ways to hunt.
They developed a spear thrower called atlatl.
It was about two feet long with a wooden hook allowing them to throw harder.

23. ATLATL

24. ATLATL
ATLATL HOOK

25. ATLATL
TYPES OF ATLATLS

26. ATLATL
GREAT BASIN ATLATL

27. GREAT BASIN ATLATL HOOK

28. NORTHERN PLAINS ATLATL

29. NORTHER PLAINS ATLATL HOOK

30. ATLATL
HOLDING AN ATLATL

31. ATLATL
THROWING AN ATLATL

32. ARCHAIC ERA The people traveled in small groups called bands.
They would gather as a tribe at times of the year when food supplies were plentiful.
Their tools included flint knives, scrapers, and awls, grind-stones, and baskets woven from parts of plants.

33. ARCHAIC ERA
By 500 B.C. the Native Americans living in East Texas lived in villages.
During the next 1,000 years, the lives of Texas Indians were changed by:
The arrival of the buffalo
The introduction of the bow and arrow.
The spread of farming north of Mexico.

34. PREHISTORIC ERA By 1400 A.D. Indians in Texas lived in different ways.
In East Texas and far West Texas, they lived in villages and farmed.
They were able to make pottery and develop ideas about society and religion.
The buffalo-hunting cultures lived in the Panhandle and Central Texas.
They hunted on foot with bows and arrows.

35. LATER NATIVE AMERICANS
There were 7 Indian groups living in Texas when the Europeans first arrived in the mid-1500s.
Other groups arrived later.
Anthropologists have divided these groups into four culture regions.
Each region is based on where the group lived and its way of life.

36. LATER NATIVE AMERICANS
The four culture regions are:
Southeastern
Plains
Puebloan
Western Gulf

37. INDIAN CULTURE Not all Indians lived in tribes.
Not all Indians who had the same culture belonged to the same tribe.
Most lived in bands which were made up of extended families that lived together under one leader.
Tribes were made up of several bands that followed the same leader and shared the same territory and culture.

38. SOUTHEASTERN PEOPLES

39. SOUTHEASTERN PEOPLES The Southeastern Peoples include: The Caddo
The Atakapan
The Wichita

40. THE CADDO PEOPLES The Caddo were divided into three confederacies.
Confederacies are an alliance of people for a common purpose.
Two of the confederacies and over half the tribe lived in Texas.
They moved into the Piney Woods during the Late Prehistoric period.

41. THE CADDO PEOPLES
They had the most advanced culture of all the Texas Indians.
They lived in villages and farmed small clearings in the forest.
Crops included corn, bean, squash, and sunflower seeds.
Caddo houses were cone shaped and were made of poles covered with cane or grass.

42. THE CADDO PEOPLES
The houses were up to 60 feet in diameter and held 8 to 10 families.
They furnished their houses with colored rugs, baskets, and pottery.
Large villages were located along major rivers.

43. THE CADDO PEOPLES
The overall chief was the high priest of the Caddoan religion.
A temple was built by the community and the sacred fire burned at all times. All fires in the community were lit from the sacred fire.

44. THE CADDO PEOPLES The men worked alongside the women in the fields.
They also hunted deer and small animals.
Their crops were more important than meat.
The women gathered wild plants, ground corn into flour, wove mats and made clay pots.

45. THE CADDO PEOPLES
The men and women tattooed streaks on their faces and plant and animal designs on their bodies.
On special occasions, they painted their bodies.
The Caddoes traveled across a great area and traded with other peoples.

46. THE CADDO PEOPLES
CADDO HOUSE

47. THE CADDO PEOPLES
CADDO VILLAGE

48. THE CADDO PEOPLES
CADDO STONE AXE

49. THE ATAKAPAN PEOPLES The Atakapan peoples lived south of the Caddoes.
There were five bands who lived in Texas across the coastal plains from Louisiana to Galveston Bay.
They all spoke the Atakapan language.

50. THE ATAKAPAN PEOPLES The Bidais
The Bidais lived on the southern edge of the Piney Woods between the Trinity and Brazos rivers.
They lived in villages and farmed.
Hunting for deer was very important to them.

51. THE ATAKAPAN PEOPLES Four bands of Akokisas lived along Galveston Bay.
Since the land was swampy, the did little farming.
They were hunter-gatherers.
They lived in small groups along the coast in the summer.

52. THE ATAKAPAN PEOPLES
The Atakapan fished from canoes made from hollowed out logs.
They moved inland during the winter and lived larger villages.
Their winter homes were dome-shaped brush huts covered with bear skins.
They hunted bear during the winter and traded dried fish with other peoples who lived inland.

53. THE WICHITA PEOPLES
The Wichita lived along the Red River near the Caddo during prehistoric times.
They moved into what is now Kansas and combined into three tribes.
Tawakonis
Wacos
Wichitas
They later returned to Texas along the Brazos River.

54. THE WICHITA PEOPLES
The Wichita were shorter and darker than most Texas Indians.
The men had tattoos around their eyes.
Their name for themselves in the Wichita language mean “raccoon eyes.”
The women tattooed their faces and bodies with zigzag lines, circles, and triangles.

55. THE WICHITA PEOPLES
The Wichita grew corn, pumpkins, melons, beans, and groves of plum trees.
While they were living in Kansas, the Wichita obtained horses from the Kiowa.
During the winter months, they hunted buffalo on the plains
They lived in tipis while on the plains.

56. Tipi
Tipis were cone shaped tents made of poles covered with animal skins.
They were ideal for hunters since they could be transported easily.
In the spring the Wichita returned to their villages where they could plant crops.

57. TIPI
SETTING UP A VILLAGE

58. TIPI

59. PUTTING THE POLES IN PLACE
TIPI
PUTTING THE POLES IN PLACE

60. THE OUTER COVERING WAS PUT IN PLACE
TIPI
THE OUTER COVERING WAS PUT IN PLACE

61. TIPI
LACING UP THE FRONT

62. TIPI
COMPLETED TIPI

63. TIPI
DECORATED TIPI

64. TRAVOIS

65. WICHITA HEAD CHIEF WEE-TA-RA-SHA-RO
THE WICHITA PEOPLES
WICHITA HEAD CHIEF WEE-TA-RA-SHA-RO

66. THE WICHITA PEOPLES
WICHITA HOUSE, EARLY 1900s

67. THE PLAINS PEOPLE

68. THE PLAINS PEOPLE The Plains People included: The Tonkawas The Apaches
The Comanches
The Kiowas

69. THE TONKAWAS
The Tonkawas were originally a group of independent bands.
They lived on the Edwards Plateau west of present day Austin and San Antonio.
Each band had its own territory.
In the 1600s and 1700s they were forced east by the Apaches and Comanches.
They would defend their land, but they were normally a friendly people.

70. THE TONKAWAS
While living on the plains, they relied on the buffalo as a source of food and supplies.
Once they were pushed east, they became hunter-gatherers.
Brush and grass replaced buffalo as covering for their tipis.
They gathered roots, seeds, fruit, and nuts.
The meat they had to eat included rabbits, skunks, rats, rattlesnakes, and land turtles.

71. THE TONKAWAS

72. THE APACHES The Apache originated in Canada.
As they moved south, they became a threat to the people already living in the area.
They arrived in Arizona and New Mexico sometime after 1200 A.D.
The name Apache comes from the Zuni word apachu, which means “enemy.”
The Apache are not a single tribe but six tribes related by a common language.

73. THE APACHE Two of the tribes moved into Texas.
They were the Lipan and Mescalero.
The Lipan arrived in the Panhandle in the 1500s.
They lived as independent bands with each band electing its chief.
The bands got together in time of war or for religious or social ceremonies.

74. THE APACHE The Apache used deer skin for clothing.
Buffalo were used for robes, tipi covering, as well as for meat.
During the spring and summer they lived in villages and grew crops of corn, beans, pumpkins, and watermelons.
They hunted buffalo during the winter.
The Lipan were among the first Texas Indians to ride horses.

75. THE APACHE
The Mescaleros were forced out of New Mexico by the Comanches.
They lived between present day El Paso and the Pecos River.
They were hunter-gatherers. They did not farm.
Their name comes from the mescal cactus from which they obtained much of their food and drink.

76. THE COMANCHES The Comanches originated in Wyoming.
They were poor hunters and gatherers.
They obtained horses in the late 1600s and became expert horsemen.
They moved onto the plains and began to hunt for buffalo.
They arrived in the Panhandle in the early 1700s.

77. THE COMANCHES
They arrived as family units and bands over a period of time.
At least 13 bands roamed the area.
Each band had a chief with limited power.
He could act only with the approval of the bands council.
All the males in the band were members of the council.

78. THE COMANCHES
All members had to abide by the council’s decisions or leave.
The Comanche’s entire life depended on the buffalo.
They obtained food, shelter, and clothing from the buffalo.
Small groups hunted in the winter, and large groups hunted during the summer.

79. THE COMANCHES They lived in tipis.
They decorated their bodies and wore clothing made from buffalo hides.
The women had short hair.
The men had long hair that was parted down the middle with braids on each side.
The Comanches became known as the best light cavalry in the world.

80. THE COMANCHES
A COMANCHE VILLAGE

81. THE KIOWAS The Kiowas early history is unknown.
They entered Texas after 1832 and occupied the very northern part of the Panhandle.
They became allies with the Comanche.
Allies are people who help each other.
By the mid 1800s they were raiding the white settlers who had moved into Texas.

82. THE KIOWAS Their culture was similar to other Plains peoples.
They were nomads and buffalo hunters who rode horses, lived in tipis and traveled in bands.
Unlike the other Plains Indians, the Kiowas celebrated the Sun Dance.
The men would dance for several days with little or no food or sleep hoping to receive a vision.

83. THE PUEBLOAN PEOPLES

84. THE PUEBLOAN PEOPLES
The pueblo culture began over 8,000 years ago in the American Southwest.
The built and lived in large structures called pueblos.
Many families lived in each pueblo.
They became skilled farmers in a desert region.

85. THE PUEBLOAN PEOPLES The Puebloan Peoples included: Jumano Concho
Tigua

86. THE JUMANO
The Jumano settled the area between the Pecos River and the Rio Grande around 1200 A.D.
They farmed and lived in pueblos made of adobe.
Adobe is a sun dried brick made of wet clay and straw.

87. THE JUMANO The Jumano grew corn, beans, and squash.
Their fields were near rivers and streams.
Unlike most Indian groups, the men did most of the farming.
Life for the Jumano was hard.
Gathering wild plants was very important since it was hard to grow plants in the desert area.

88. THE JUMANO The Jumano were great traders.
They were called the “stripped people” by the Spanish.
They painted their faces with horizontal lines.
The men had short hair except for one lone lock to which they attached feathers.

89. THE JUMANO The women had long hair which was usually worn in braids.
The Apache eventually forced the Jumano toward the Rio Grande.

90. PUEBLO WOMEN MAKING BREAD
THE JUMANO
PUEBLO WOMEN MAKING BREAD

91. THE JUMANO
JUMANO MAN AND WOMAN

92. THE CONCHO
The Concho lived southeast of the Jumanos, near the present city of Presidio.
Only one band, the Chizos, lived in Texas, the rest of the tribe lived in Mexico.
The Conco were allies with the Jumano.
They joined the Jumano in revolt against the Spaniards when they were forced to work in mines.

93. THE CONCHO The Concho were similar to the Jumano.
They grew corn, beans, and squash.
Their food included nuts, berries, roots, and the fruit of several types of cactus.
The women did the farming.
The men hunted deer, rabbits,and other small game.
They also ate fish and clams from the river.

94. THE CONCHO
The Concho lived in huts that were covered with grass or animal skins.
They wore little clothing in the summer and capes or ponchos made of rabbit fur in the winter.
They painted their bodies and sometimes decorated their hair with feathers.
The Concho disappeared in the late 1600s.

95. THE TIGUAS
The Tiguas are the oldest group of Native Americans still living in Texas today.
They came from New Mexico in 1680 after a revolt by the Pueblo Indians against the Spaniards.
They chose not to take part in the revolt.
The other Pueblo Indians turned against them.

96. THE TIGUAS About 300 of them left when the Spaniards retreated.
The Spaniards resettled in a pass between two mountain ranges.
They established the town of Ysleta, the first permanent town in Texas.
Their life was similar to that of the Jumanos and the Concho.

97. THE TIGUAS They grew corn, beans, and squash.
The men cleared the fields and prepared them for planting.
The women and children planted and tended the crops.
They built shelters in the fields so the men and boys could stay and drive off animals that could trample their crops.

98. THE TIGUAS The men hunted deer, rabbits, antelope, and other animals.
They cooked and stored their food in pottery they made from clay.
The tribal council met in a kiva.
The kiva is a large room used for meetings and religious ceremonies.

99. THE TIGUAS
The council governed the tribe and elected the chief who served for life.
The chief served as the religious leader.
The tribe kept their sacred drum, dance rattles, and dance masks in the kiva.
The Tiguas adopted many of the Spanish ways including the Roman Catholic religion.

100. THE TIGUAS Today the Tiguas try to keep the old ways.
Many have become part of the Hispanic culture.

101. THE TIGUAS
TIGUA PUEBLO

102. THE TIGUA
TIGUA

103. THE WESTERN GULF CULTURES

104. THE WESTERN GULF CULTURES
There were two groups in the Western Gulf Culture:
The Coahuiltecans
The Karankawas

105. THE COAHUILTECANS
The Coahuiltecans settled on the land between San Antonio and the Rio Grande.
It is a dry area with small trees, brush, and desert plants.
The area could not support large groups of people.
The Coahuiltecans never organized into tribes living in hundreds of independent bands of fewer than 150 people each.

106. THE COAHUILTECANS The Coahuiltecans were hunter-gatherers.
They were the least war-like of all the Texas groups.
Buffalo and other large animals were rare.
The Coahuiltecans were forced to eat snakes, lizards, armadillos, worms, snails, spiders, and insects.
In hard times they would even eat rotten wood.

107. THE COAHUILTECANS
The women and children gathered leaves, cactus fruits, and nuts.
The beans of the mesquites trees were an important source of food.
They lived in dome-shaped huts made by cutting and bending young trees and covering them with reed mats and animal hides.

108. THE COAHUILTECANS
They were driven from their land by the Lipan who had been driven south by the Comanche.
Many of the Coahuiltecans moved into Mexico to join other Coahuiltecans.
Some moved to be near the Spanish settlements.
Most of them died from diseases brought by the Spanish from Europe.

109. THE KARANKAWAS The Karankawas lived along the Gulf Coast.
They fished in the coastal bays, hunted, and gathered wild plants.
The Karankawas houses held 8 people and were easy to move.
They traveled by canoe when they were near the coast, and on foot when inland.

110. THE KARANKAWAS They lived in large groups when near the coast.
They broke up into small groups when they went inland.
They hunted deer and gathered fruits, seeds, and plant greens along the rivers and on the coastal plains.

111. THE KARANKAWAS The Karankawas were taller than most Texas Indians.
The average man was about six feet tall.
They decorated their bodies.
The men pierced their lower lips and chests with small pieces of cane.
They wore little clothing.

112. THE KARANKAWAS
The women wore clothing made of deer skin or Spanish moss.
Warfare was a fact of life.
They may have practiced ceremonial cannibalism.
The arrival of the Spanish and Americans caused them to suffer a great loss.
By 1840 only 100 were left and they were killed by settlers in 1858.

113. THE KARANKAWA
KARANKAWA HUNTERS

114. THE KARANKAWA
KARANKAWA HUT