1. U.S. American Indian Struggle

2. Treaty of Fort Laramie Year: 1851 Partcipants: Federal Governmnet, Cheyenne, Sioux Causes: settlers fears of attack, government called a conference Outcome: each tribe accepts defined territory, promise not to attack settlers, allowed U.S. to build forts and roads in territory, U.S. promised to make annual payments and honor boundaries of each tribe’s territory Consequences: kept peace until 1864

3. Sand Creek Massacre Year: 1864 Participants: Cheyenne, Arapaho, John Evans (Governor of Colorado), U.S. Government Causes: Evans pressured tribes to sell tribal lands and move to reservation, several Indians grew tired and decided to go to Fort Lyon to surrender, camped at Sand Creek – Colonel John Chivington attacked and killed women and children Consequences: raids by Arapaho and Cheyenne

4. Treaty of Medicine Lodge Year: 1867 Partcipants: Federal government and southern Plains Indians Causes: fighting caused by Sand Creek Massacre Outcome: Indians agree to give up land (most) in exchange for reservation in Indian territory Consquences: 1868 – 2 nd Treaty of Fort Laramie – Sioux agreed to move to a reservation in Black Hills in South Dakota and Wyoming

5. Battle of Rosebud Year: June 1876 Participants: U.S. Army and Native Americans Causes: Inspired by Sitting Bull’s prophecy of victory Outcome: victory (not total) Consequences: increased confidence, Battle at Little Bighorn River

6. Battle of Little Bighorn Year: 1876 Participants: U.S. Army (Custer) and Native Americans (Crazy Horse) Causes: Indians escaping agencies set up camp at Little Bighorn River to join others, Custer decided to attack first Outcome: General George Custer’s force completely wiped out Consequences: momentary triumph, Indian forces break into smaller groups to evade army, slowly captured

7. Wounded Knee Massacre Year: 1890 Participants: U.S. Army and Sioux Causes: Ghost Dance religion thought to inspire resistance, Sitting Bull joined, when army tried to arrest Sitting Bull – was killed, some Sioux set up camp at Wounded Knee Creek to wait for army Outcome: skirmish, 150 Sioux and 25 U.S. soldiers killed Consequences: Custer avenged, end of Indian wars on Great Plains

8. Nez Perce: tried to avoid government control, 1877 – Chief Joseph led tribe to Canada to avoid U.S. army and reservation; within 30 miles surrendered

9. Apache: Geronimo; longest battle against U.S. government, on and off fighting for 5 years, lead raids on settlements and evaded capture

10. Native American Reaction Helen Hunt Jackson – Appealed to government to craft more humane Indian policy – Century of Dishonor: details corrupt dealings and broken promises

11. Sarah Winnemucca – Paiute woman – Held lectures, wrote Life Among the Paiutes

12. Assimilation Cultural assimilation of Native Americans as only long term way to ensure survival – Become farmers, ban traditional dress, etc Indian schools – speak only English, wear proper clothes, change names

13. Dawes General Allotment Act – 1887 – private ownership of Indian land – 160 acres for farming – rest sold – In less than 50 years, lost 2/3 of land

14. Navajo suffer from assimilation – not farmers – were sheepherders – 1864 – Long Walk to Bosque Redondo Reservation – 1868 – government granted reservations in New Mexico and Arizona – 1890 population down to less than 100,000