1. Direct/indirect Speech 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

2. (1) Direct speech Direct speech is used when written or spoken words are addressed directly. It uses a comma {,} and inverted commas {“…”} in the written form. It is normally used in conversations, novels and news in mass media as well. Example: 1. The announcer said, “It’s five minutes to eight.” 2. A wise man said, “A good friend is hard to find and sometimes hard to keep.” 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

3. (2) Indirect speech Indirect speech is used when written or spoken words are repeated to somebody else. It is normally used in conversations, novels and news in mass media. It is not put in a comma, inverted commas or quotation marks except a conjunction that. Example: 1. The announcer said (that) it was five minutes to eight 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

4. Tense changes Direct speech Indirect speech Present simplePast simple Present perfect continuous Past perfect cont. Past continuous Future simple conditional (Shall/will) (should/would) Future continuous conditional continuous 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

5. Words and phrases (often adverbial connected with time) Direct Indirect speech Today that day, the same day Yesterday the day before, the previous day The day before yesterday two days before. Tomorrow the following day, the day after tomorrow The day after tomorrow in today’s time This, thesethat, those Here there, in that place Ago before, previous, previously Last week/year, etcthe week/year before, etc Next week/month, etc the week/month after, etc. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 5

6. PRONOUNS Direct speech Indirect speech I s/he We they You I, we My his/her Our their Your my, our 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

7. Example 1. The director said, “I have a good idea for a new program today.” The director said (that) he had a good idea for a new program that day. 2. He said, “I am learning English now.” He said (that) he was learning English then. 3. They said, “We have learnt for years.” They said (that) they had learnt for years. 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

8. Exercise 1: Change these direct speech into indirect speech 1. He said, “You are wrong.” 2. She said, “I was late yesterday.” 3. My friend said, “I cannot cook Japanese food.” 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

9. Answer key 1. He said (that) I was wrong. Or He said (that) we were wrong. 2. She said (that) she was late the day before. 3. My friend said (that) s/he could not cook Japanese food. 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

10. Exercise 2: Change these indirect speech into direct speech 1. The forecast said (that) the following day would be fine. 2. The teacher said (that) I could rectify my mistake. 3. He said (that) he was very busy then. 5. She said (that) she missed me so much that day. 6. My mother said (that) she was learning a foreign language then. 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10