2. Chapter 37- Circulatory and Respiratory Systems Dragonfly Textbook Pages (943-969)

3. 37-1 and 37-2: The Circulatory System Dragonfly Textbook (pgs. 943-950)

4. 1) What are the functions of the circulatory system? Circulatory system consist of: Heart Blood vessels Blood Circulatory system is a closed transport system in which blood is pumped by the heart through blood vessels Functions: 1)The circulatory system serves to transports nutrients and oxygen to cells. 2)Transports hormones throughout the body. 3)Carries wastes away from the cells. 4)Protects the body from infection.

5. 2) How does the circulatory system help maintain homeostasis? Arteries, capillaries, and veins help to transport nutrients and oxygen TOWARD the body cells, while taking carbon dioxide and other wastes AWAY from body cells.

6. Weird Science Fact The heart will continue to beat for several minutes after removal from the body due to its own internal electrical system. Where does this sound come from?

7. 3) Structure Of The Heart The heart is a MUSCULAR pump with FOUR CHAMBERS. Two Atria: Upper, THIN walled chambers that receive blood from the body. Two Ventricles: Lower, THICK walled chambers that force blood into arteries. Valves: Which prevent the backflow of blood Septum: separates right and left sides.

9. 4) Types Of Circulation PULMONARY CIRCULATION: - Blood travels between the RIGHT side of heart and the lungs (to get oxygen). SYSTEMIC CIRUCLATION: - Blood travels from the LEFT side of the heart to the rest of the body (to deliver oxygen and nutrients).

10. 4) Types of Circulation: Coronary Circulation: Responsible for delivering blood to the heart tissue so it can have the oxygen & nutrients to pump.

11. Pulmonary Circulation Pulmonary Artery: DEOXYGENATED blood leaves the heart from the R. ventricle travels through this vessel to the lungs. Lungs: OXYGENATED blood now re-enters the L. atria through the Pulmonary Veins.

12. Systemic Circulation OXYGENATED blood is pumped from the L. Ventricle through the AORTA to the rest of the body. After oxygen is removed by body tissue, the DEOXYGENATED blood re- enters the R. atria through the S. & I. Vena Cava.

13. 5) Why is the septum important? It separates oxygen POOR blood (right side of the heart) from oxygen RICH blood (left side of the heart). Atrial Septum Disorder

14. 6) Path Of Blood Through The heart Vena Cave Lungs Pulmonary Veins Right Atria Right Ventricle Pulmonary Artery Left Atria Left Ventricle Aorta Body

15. 7) Regulation of the Heartbeat: A specific region of the heart muscle located in the RA sets the rate at which it contracts (pacemaker). Heart Cycle: 1)RA & LA contract 2)RV & LV fill with blood 3)RA & LA relax 4) RV & LV contract 5) Blood enters aorta & PA 6) Entire heart is relaxed (allows for heart to refill with blood). Systole: 1-5 Diastole: 6 The pacemaker is influenced by both the nervous and endocrine systems.

17. 8) Pulse When you take someone's pulse you are feeling the expansion and relaxation of an artery. A normal RESTING pulse = about 70-80 beats/minute

18. Weird Scientific Fact The body of an adult contains over 60,000 miles of blood vessels.

19. 9) Types of blood vessels

20. a) Arteries -They carry blood AWAY from the heart. -Walls are thick and elastic. -Very muscular (blood is under high pressure) Carry Oxygenated Blood (bright red) Exception: Pulmonary Artery carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen

21. Weird Scientific fact The human heart creates enough pressure when it pumps out to the body to squirt blood about 30 feet.

22. b) Veins -Thin walled, stiff, and have LITTLE muscle (blood is under LOW pressure) -Veins have 1 way VALVES -RETURNS blood to the heart. -Carries deoxygenated blood -Exception: pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood from the lungs.

23. c) Capillaries - Where arteries and veins connect. -They are microscopic (1 cell thick) -Materials are exchanged through thin walls. -Carries oxygen & nutrients to all tissue, and CO 2 and waste away.

25. 10) Chemical Exchange: Blood & Body Tissue O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 CO 2 O2O2 Interstitial fluid (Intercellular Fluid)- liquid solution that surrounds the cells of our bodies.

26. 11) What are the main functions and components of blood? Functions: Transport Regulation Protection Components Plasma Red Blood Cells White Blood Cells Platelets

28. 12) Plasma Straw colored, liquid portion of blood Makes up 55% of total blood volume 90% water Salts, proteins, glucose, amino acids, enzymes, hormones, and cellular wastes

29. 13) Cellular Components:

30. a) Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) Small donut shaped cells Contain hemoglobin – the red oxygen carrying pigment. They have NO NUCLEUS or MITOCHONDRIA and cannot REPRODUCE (at maturity they lose nucleus). (Review: Where are blood cells produced?)

31. Weird Science fact 5 million RBC’s can fit on the head of a pin, and over 5 trillion RBC’s are present in your body at any given time.

32. b) White Blood cells Large cells with a nucleus. Less numerous than RBC’s. Defenders of the body. Types: Phagocytes: engulf and destroy bacteria Lymphocytes: produce antibodies

33. Types of White Blood Cells White Blood Cells Cell TypeFunction NeutrophilsEngulf and destroy small bacteria and foreign substances EosinophilsAttack parasites; limit inflammation associated with allergic reactions BasophilsRelease histamines that cause inflammation; release anticoagulants, which prevent blood clots MonocytesGive rise to leukocytes that engulf and destroy large bacteria and substances LymphocytesSome destroy foreign cells by causing their membranes to rupture; some develop into cells that produce antibodies, which target specific foreign substances

34. c) Platelets -Much smaller than RBC’s and WBC's -Plays a role in blood clotting

35. 14) What happens when we get a cut? 12 3 1. Break in the blood vessel wall. 2. Platelets collect in the open wound. 3.An enzyme reaction creates fibrin (thin strands) that create a network to collect RBC’s and clot the wound.

36. 15) Interstitial Fluid and Lymph The watery fluid that surrounds all cells. Anything diffusing into cells must diffuse through the interstitial fluid. Interstitial fluid is called LYMPH when it enters lymphatic vessels before it gets back into the blood.

37. 16) Lymphatic System: 1) Collects and returns much of the interstitial fluid back to the circulatory system. 2) Has lymphatic vessels. 3) Lymph Nodes- located at certain points throughout the lymphatic system. They contain immune cells which help the body fight off infections. “Swollen glands”- are actually swollen lymph nodes which become enlarged when microorganisms are trapped.

38. 37-3: The Respiratory System Dragonfly Textbook (pgs. 956-963)

39. Weird Science Fact You breathe about 21,600 times every day. If you spread out your lungs, they would cover the floor of a racquetball court (about 70 square yards). Men can hold about 6 quarts of air in their lungs. Women can hold about 4.5 quarts. A sneeze shoots air out of your lungs at 100 miles per hour!

40. 1) What is the pathway of inhaled air? Nasal Passage PharynxTrachea Bronchial Tubes Alveoli (inside lungs)

41. 2) Nose and Nasal Passage The air enters the nose and is filtered, warmed and moistened before entering the lungs. 3) Pharynx Back of the throat Epiglottis covers the windpipe so food goes down esophagus and not trachea

42. 4) Trachea Windpipe Rings of cartilage keep it open The larynx (voice box is located at the top) 5) Bronchial Tubes Bronchi – Two tubes branching from the trachea. Bronchioles – smaller branches from the bronchi (looks like a tree).

43. 6) Alveoli Tiny (grape like) air sacs at the end of bronchioles surrounded by capillaries that increase the surface area of the lungs. RESPIRATORY SURFACE, gas exchange takes place here. About 300 million in our lungs. How does the structure of alveoli aid in gas exchange?

45. 7) Gas Exchange: CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2 O2 O2 O2 O2 O2 O2 O2 O2 O2 O2 O2 O2 CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2 Carbon dioxide & oxygen are exchanged between capillaries and alveoli by the process of diffusion.

46. 7) Other Structures Pleura – coverings of the lungs. Diaphragm – flat muscle on the floor of the chest. Pressure changes causes the lungs to expand and contract.

47. 8) Internal vs. External Respiration INTERNAL – cellular respiration – occurs inside cells, oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between body cells and capillaries, energy is released EXTERNAL – exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air, blood, and lungs – occurs outside cells

48. 9) Inhalation/Exhalation INHALATION: ribs move up, diaphragm moves down, chest cavity becomes larger, pressure decreases, AIR ENTERS! EXHALATION: ribs drop, diaphragm relaxes, cavity becomes smaller, pressure increases, AIR EXITS!

49. 10) The Breathing Rate is controlled by: Concentration of carbon dioxide Exercise Foreign particles Center in brain

50. 11) Regulation of Breathing: Exercise CO2 H2CO3 Blood pH Breathing Rate Breathing Rate is controlled by the amount of CO2, not O2!!