1. Particle accelerators on earth Motivation Basic principles of charged particle beams 3.11.20151Armin Freimann

2. Motivation Fundamental and applied research – particle physics – nuclear physics – photon science Industrial Process using accelerators – electron beam processing – sterilization – ion implantation Medical applications – imaging – tumor treatment 3.11.20152Armin Freimann

3. Motivation Fundamental and applied research – particle physics – nuclear physics – photon science Industrial Process using accelerators – electron beam processing – sterilization – ion implantation Medical applications – imaging – tumor treatment 3.11.20153Armin Freimann

4. 3.11.20154Armin Freimann Big bang StarsAtoms nucleons inflationary expansion

5. The Large hadron collider 27km circumference contains 7 detectors allows proton-proton and Pb-Pb collisions 3.11.20155Armin Freimann http://www.greatdreams.com/hadron/hadron_collider.htm

6. The Large hadron collider center-of-mass energy: – 13 TeV for protons – 1148 TeV for Pb Protons reach 99,9999991 % of the speed of light 3.11.2015Armin Freimann6 http://home.cern/topics/ large-hadron-collider

7. The ATLAS experiment 3.11.20157Armin Freimann http://www.atlas.ch/photos/full-detector-photos.html

8. The ATLAS experiment 3.11.20158 http://scipp.ucsc.edu/personnel/atlas.html

9. 3.11.20159Armin Freimann http://atlas.ch/photos/events-simulated-higgs-boson.html

10. Nuclear physics-ISOLDE creating of atomic nucleis ionization, extraction and separation of the emerging nuclides study of nuclear reactions radioactive projectiles 3.11.201510Armin Freimann http://home.cern/about/experiments/isolde

11. 3.11.2015Armin Freimann11 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchrotron_radiation#/medi a/File:Syncrotron.png

12. Photon science - XFEL Electromagnetic fields accelerate electrons they are directed through special arrangements of magnets to create synchrotron radiation 3.11.201512Armin Freimann http://www.xfel.eu/overview/in_brief/

13. Application of accelerators Category of accelerator usageNumbers in use High energy physics40 Radiotherapy>4000 Biomedical research800 Medical radioisotope production200 Accelerators in industry1500 Ion implanters>2000 Surface modification1000 Synchrotron radiation source50 Total in 199410.000 Nowadays30.000 <1% is used for particle physics 3.11.201513Armin Freimann

14. Motivation Fundamental and applied research – particle physics – nuclear physics – photon science Industrial Process using accelerators – electron beam processing – sterilization – ion implantation Medical applications – imaging – tumor treatment 3.11.201514Armin Freimann

15. Electron beam processing - cross linking molecules are bond together is used to work on: – plastic packages – motor car tires – cables 3.11.201515Armin Freimann http://www.wasik.com/applications.html

16. Electron beam processing 3.11.201516Armin Freimann https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_beam_processing

17. Electron beam processing - Sterilization Particle beams may be used to: – kill bacteria and viruses – change the chemical behavior of substances 3.11.2015Armin Freimann17

18. Required doses Radiation effectDose requirements [J/kg] Radiography1-10 *10^-3 Deadly dose to humans0.4 – 0.5 Drinking water cleanup250 – 500 Insect control (grains, fruits)250 – 500 Fungi and mould control1 – 3 Food damaging bacteria1 – 3 Smoke ( and ) scrubbing10 – 30 Polymerization of monomers10 – 50 Modification of polymers50 – 250 3.11.201518Armin Freimann

19. Particle accelerators used in the industry 3.11.201519Armin Freimann https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_accelerator

20. Ion implantation change the electrical behavior – semiconductors – superconductors harden the surface – ball bearings – hip and knee joints avoid corrosion 3.11.201520Armin Freimann http://www.lookfordiagnosis.com/mesh_info.php?term=Se miconductors&lang=1 http://bob-bearing.en.made-in-china.com

21. Ion implantation 3.11.201521 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_implantation

22. Motivation Fundamental and applied research – particle physics – nuclear physics – photon science Industrial Process using accelerators – electron beam processing – sterilization – ion implantation Medical applications – imaging – tumor treatment 3.11.201522Armin Freimann

23. Medical application-imaging Positron emission tomography (PET) Radiography 3.11.201523Armin Freimann https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positron_emission_tomographyhttp://www.schule-bw.de

24. Medical application-tumor treatment tumors cells are destroyed: – with X-rays – with protons 3.11.201524Armin Freimann https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_therapy

25. Principles of charged particle beams Lorentz Force: – if electric and magnetic fields cause the same force when we assume that => 1 T gets the same force as 300 MV/m 3.11.201525Armin Freimann

26. Principles of charged particle beams 3.11.201526Armin Freimann

27. Arrangement of magnets and electric fields 3.11.2015Armin Freimann27 http://kids.britannica.com/comptons/art-124574/Particles- are-injected-into-the-ring-of-an-alternating-gradient

28. Principles of charged particle beams 3.11.2015Armin Freimann28 http://homepages.physik.uni- muenchen.de/~Otmar.Biebel/beschleuniger/beschleuniger_ 04.pdf

29. Magnetic rigidity 3.11.201529Armin Freimann