1. STORM and MAP: R&D Towards World-Leading Intensity and Energy Frontier Physics Capabilities STORM Proposal Workshop Virginia Tech Mark Palmer April 14, 2013

2. The Aims of the Muon Accelerator Program Muon accelerator R&D is focused on developing a facility that can address critical questions spanning two frontiers… The Intensity Frontier: with a Neutrino Factory producing well-characterized beams for precise, high sensitivity studies The Energy Frontier: with a Muon Collider capable of reaching multi-TeV CoM energies and a Higgs Factory on the border between these Frontiers April 14, 2013nuSTORM Proposal Workshop - Virginia Tech2 The unique potential of a facility based on muon accelerators is physics reach that SPANS 2 FRONTIERS

3. Outline Physics Motivations Muon Colliders and Neutrino Factories The Cooling R&D Challenge and STORM Muon Accelerator Staging –Staging Scenarios –The Proposed Timeline –Parameters Concluding Remarks April 14, 2013nuSTORM Proposal Workshop - Virginia Tech3

4. THE PHYSICS MOTIVATIONS April 14, 2013nuSTORM Proposal Workshop - Virginia Tech4

5. The Physics Motivations  – an elementary charged lepton: –200 times heavier than the electron –2.2  s lifetime at rest Physics potential for the HEP community using muon beams –Tests of Lepton Flavor Violation –Anomalous magnetic moment  hints of new physics (g-2) –Can provide equal fractions of electron and muon neutrinos at high intensity for studies of neutrino oscillations – the Neutrino Factory concept –Offers a large coupling to the “Higgs mechanism” –As with an e + e − collider, a  +  − collider would offer a precision probe of fundamental interactions – in contrast to hadron colliders April 14, 2013nuSTORM Proposal Workshop - Virginia Tech5

6. Muon Accelerator Physics Large muon mass strongly suppresses synchrotron radiation  Muons can be accelerated and stored using rings at much higher energy than electrons  Colliding beams can be of higher quality with reduced beamstrahlung Short muon lifetime has impacts as well –Acceleration and storage time of a muon beam is limited –Collider  a new class of decay backgrounds must be dealt with –Precision beam energy measurement by g-2 allows precision Higgs width determination Muon beams produced as tertiary beams: –Offers key accelerator challenges… April 14, 2013nuSTORM Proposal Workshop - Virginia Tech6 Beamstrahlung in any e+e- collider  E/E   2

7. The Physics Needs: Neutrinos (I) In the neutrino sector it is critical to understand: –  CP –The mass hierarchy –  23 =  /4,  23  /4 –Resolve the LSND and other short baseline experimental anomalies [perhaps using beams from a muon storage ring ( STORM) in a short baseline experiment] –And continue to probe for signs new physics April 14, 2013nuSTORM Proposal Workshop - Virginia Tech7 P. Huber

8. The Physics Needs: Neutrinos (II) CP violation physics reach of various facilities Can we probe the CP violation in the neutrino sector at the same level as in the CKM Matrix? April 14, 2013nuSTORM Proposal Workshop - Virginia Tech8 P. Coloma, P. Huber, J. Kopp, W. Winter – article in preparation 0.025 IDS-NF: 700kW target, no cooling, 2×10 8 s running time 10-15 kTon detector

9. The Physics Needs: Colliders April 14, 2013nuSTORM Proposal Workshop - Virginia Tech9 E. Eichten

10. Muon Collider Reach April 14, 2013nuSTORM Proposal Workshop - Virginia Tech10 E. Eichten

11. Muon Accelerator Physics Scope April 14, 2013nuSTORM Proposal Workshop - Virginia Tech11 Intensity Frontier Energy Frontier

12. Muon Collider Concept April 14, 2013nuSTORM Proposal Workshop - Virginia Tech12 Proton source: For example PROJECT X Stage IV at 4 MW, with 2±1 ns long bunches Goal: Produce a high intensity  beam whose 6D phase space is reduced by a factor of ~10 6 -10 7 from its value at the production target Collider: √s = 3 TeV Circumference 4.5km L = 3×10 34 cm -2 s -1  /bunch = 2x10 12  (p)/p = 0.1%   N = 25  m,  //N =72 mm  * = 5mm Rep. Rate = 12 Hz Muon Collider Block Diagram

13. Muon cooling is a critical issue for demonstrating feasibility nuSTORM Proposal Workshop - Virginia Tech13 Muon beams are "born" with very large emittance A high energy collider requires cooling the 6D emittance by a factor of ~1 million The muon Cooling subsystem is a critical section of an energy- frontier muon collider April 14, 2013

14. Muon Collider - Neutrino Factory Comparison April 14, 2013nuSTORM Proposal Workshop - Virginia Tech14 NEUTRINO FACTORY MUON COLLIDER Share same complex  Factory Goal: O(10 21 )  /year within the accelerator acceptance

15. THE COOLING R&D CHALLENGE April 14, 2013nuSTORM Proposal Workshop - Virginia Tech15

16. Ionization Cooling nuSTORM Proposal Workshop - Virginia Tech16April 14, 2013

17. Muon Cooling and the MTA 17 R. Palmer 10 6 – 10 7 Emittance Reduction via Ionization Cooling RF in magnetic fields Some very high field (30T) magnets nuSTORM Proposal Workshop - Virginia Tech 805 MHz Modular Cavity for Systematic Vacuum RF Tests – In Fabrication  FY14 Test Program MuCool Test Area Research program aimed at developing viable technologies for operation of RF cavities in the magnetic fields of an ionization cooling channel Principal thrusts: Vacuum pillbox cavities – utilizing Cu or more novel materials (eg, Be walls) Pressurized cavities Be button after processing at 31MV/m in 3T B-field April 14, 2013 and Cu…

18. Muon Ionization Cooling Experiment (MICE) Tertiary production of muon beams –Initial beam emittance intrinsically large Muon Cooling  Ionization Cooling dE/dx energy loss in materials RF to replace p long nuSTORM Proposal Workshop - Virginia Tech18 Spectrometer Solenoids RF-Coupling Coil (RFCC) Units First Spectrometer Solenoid Now Commissioned! First Coupling Coil Cold Mass Being Readied for Training April 14, 2013 Fermilab Solenoid Test Facility

19. nuSTORM Proposal Workshop - Virginia Tech Recent Technology Highlights Successful Operation of 805 MHz “All Seasons” Cavity in 3T Magnetic Field under Vacuum MuCool Test Area/Muons Inc World Record HTS-only Coil 15T on-axis field 16T on coil PBL/BNL Demonstration of High Pressure RF Cavity in 3T Magnetic Field with Beam Extrapolates to  -Collider Parameters MuCool Test Area Breakthrough in HTS Cable Performance with Cables Matching Strand Performance FNAL-Tech Div T. Shen-Early Career Award 19 Pure GH2 1% Dry Air (0.2% O2) in GH2 E 0 = 25 MV/m ~50X reduction in RF power dissipation 1% Dry Air (0.2 % O2) in GH2 at B = 3T April 14, 2013

20. 6D Cooling Channels under Consideration Guggenheim cooling channel Helical Cooling Channel (HCC) Other alternatives: –FOFO Snake, –RFOFO rectlilinear channel April 14, 2013nuSTORM Proposal Workshop - Virginia Tech20

21. 6D Ionization Cooling Experiment 6D cooling bench test (component integration test): –Guggenheim channel cell (preferably, last stage with 805 MHz RF); –Helical Cooling Channel section (four coils with RF incorporated). Intensity test with protons: –Intense proton beam: 10 12 -10 13 particles per bunch; –Preferably near ionization minimum; –Options currently under consideration: 400 MeV proton beam at the MuCool Test Area; 2.5 MeV proton beam at ASTA; Booster proton beam. 6D cooling demonstration experiment: –Once the down-selection is made, the goal is to put together a section of the cooling channel of choice, long enough to demonstrate 6D cooling; –NuStorm facility can act as a muon source (~10 10 muons per bunch) for the 6D cooling demonstration without disrupting the NuStorm neutrino program. This makes NuStorm an attractive R&D platform in the Muon Accelerator Staging Scenario. April 14, 2013nuSTORM Proposal Workshop - Virginia Tech21

22. NuStorm as an R&D platform NuSTORM can produce a high-intensity pulsed low-energy muon source (10 10 muons in the band 100<p μ <300 MeV/c in 1 μ sec). This beam can be produced simultaneously with the neutrino physics program with little additional cost. This is possible due to the fact that an absorber is needed to absorb pions that remain (about 60% of those injected into the ring) after the first straight. Pions in the momentum range 5 GeV/c +/-10% are extracted to an absorber. After the first straight, there are also many muons in the same momentum window (forward decays) that will be extracted along with the pions. The absorber can be used as a degrader for these muons and produce the desired beam exiting the back end of the absorber. In addition, NuSTORM will present the opportunity to design, build and test decay ring instrumentation (BCT, momentum spectrometer, polarimeter) to measure and characterize the circulating muon flux. April 14, 2013nuSTORM Proposal Workshop - Virginia Tech22

23. MUON ACCELERATOR STAGING PLAN April 14, 2013nuSTORM Proposal Workshop - Virginia Tech23

24. A Staged Muon-Based Neutrino and Collider Physics Program April 14, 2013nuSTORM Proposal Workshop - Virginia Tech24

25. All proposed muon-based accelerators would easily fit at Fermilab April 14, 2013nuSTORM Proposal Workshop - Virginia Tech25 STORM (entry level Neutrino Factory) Intensity Frontier Neutrino Factory Also a muon-based Higgs Factory or Energy Frontier Muon Collider STORM would provide important physics output and critical R&D leverage

26. How Would the Staged NF Perform? What if we supplied beam to LBNE (1  3  4 MW)? What if we were able to have a magnetized LAr detector? April 14, 2013nuSTORM Proposal Workshop - Virginia Tech26 Plots courtesy of P. Huber

27. April 14, 2013nuSTORM Proposal Workshop - Virginia Tech27 One IP in the latest design

28. 126 GeV Higgs Factory April 14, 201328 Major advantage for Physics of a  +   Higgs Factory: possibility of direct measurement of the Higgs boson width (  ~4MeV FWHM expected) Reduced cooling:   N =0.3  mm  rad,  ||N =1  mm  rad nuSTORM Proposal Workshop - Virginia Tech s-channel coupling of Muons to HIGGS with high cross sections: Muon Collider of with L = 10 32 cm -2 s -1 @ 63 GeV/beam (50000 Higgs/year) Competitive with e+/e- Linear Collider with L = 2. 10 34 cm -2 s -1 @ 126 GeV/beam Sharp resonance: momentum spread of a few × 10 -5 Han and Liu hep-ph 1210.7803 Precision energy measurement provided by g-2 effect and residual polarization in muon beams

29. Multi-TeV Collider – 1.5 TeV Baseline 29April 14, 2013nuSTORM Proposal Workshop - Virginia Tech ParameterUnitValue Beam energyTeV0.75 Repetition rateHz15 Average luminosity / IP10 34 /cm 2 /s1.1 Number of IPs, N IP -2 Circumference, Ckm2.73 ** cm1 (0.5-2) Momentum compaction,  p 10 -5 -1.3 Normalized r.m.s. emittance,   N  mm  mrad 25 Momentum spread,  p /p %0.1 Bunch length,  s cm1 Number of muons / bunch10 12 2 Number of bunches / beam-1 Beam-beam parameter / IP,  -0.09 RF voltage at 800 MHzMV16 Larger chromatic function (Wy) is corrected first with a single sextupole S1, Wx is corrected with two sextupoles S2, S4 separated by 180  phase advance. Y. Alexahin

30. Muon Accelerator Staging April 14, 2013nuSTORM Proposal Workshop - Virginia Tech30 Program BaselinesAnd Potential Staging Steps

31. The Muon Accelerator Program Timeline April 14, 2013nuSTORM Proposal Workshop - Virginia Tech31 At Fermilab, critical physics production could build on Phase II of Project X

32. LBNE To Homestake Buncher/ Accumulator Rings Linac + RLA to ~5 GeV NF Decay Ring: s to Homestake +6D Front End+4D+6D RLA to 63 GeV + 300m Higgs Factory STORM + Muon Beam R&D Facility April 14, 201332nuSTORM Proposal Workshop - Virginia Tech

33. Neutrino Factory Staging (MASS) April 14, 2013nuSTORM Proposal Workshop - Virginia Tech33 Preliminary Staging Plan Based on Project X Phase 2

34. MAP Designs for a Muon-Based Higgs Factory and Energy Frontier Collider April 14, 2013nuSTORM Proposal Workshop - Virginia Tech34 Exquisite Energy Resolution Allows Direct Measurement of Higgs Width Site Radiation mitigation with depth and lattice design: ≤ 10 TeV

35. Concluding Remarks… The unique feature of muon accelerators is the ability to provide cutting edge performance on both the Intensity and Energy Frontiers –This is well-matched to the direction specified by the P5 panel for Fermilab –The possibilities for a staged approach make this particularly appealing in a time of constrained budgets – STORM would represent a critical first step in providing a muon-based accelerator complex World leading Intensity Frontier performance could be provided with a Neutrino Factory based on Project X Phase II –This would also provide the necessary foundation for a return to the Energy Frontier with a muon collider on U.S. soil A Muon Collider Higgs Factory –Would provide exquisite energy resolution to directly measure the width of the Higgs. This capability would be of crucial importance in the MSSM doublet scenario. The first collider on the path to a multi-TeV Energy Frontier machine? April 14, 2013nuSTORM Proposal Workshop - Virginia Tech35