1. Submitted by Amol Srivastava 3 rd B.Tech Paint Technology HBTI, Kanpur

2. INTRODUCTION  Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) (sometimes also called AC impedance or dielectric spectroscopy) is an electrochemical technique that surfaced in the late 1960's but did not become extensively studied until the late 1970's and early 1980's when computer controlled laboratory equipment became the norm.  Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) is a non-destructive technique used to track the condition of a coated metal sample as it changes. In EIS, an AC voltage of varying frequency is applied to the sample and a plot of frequency vs. impedance change is traced for analysis.  EIS generates quantitative data that relates to the quality of a coating on a metal substrate by studying the nature of change of impedance of the surface coating.  EIS also provides a technique to optimize coatings while reducing the time of coating evaluation and gives insight into the chemical properties of the coatings.

3. The Technique  Dielectric spectroscopy (sometimes called impedance spectroscopy), and also known as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), measures the dielectric properties of a medium as a function of frequency.  The pathway to coatings failure is monitored by making periodic EIS measurements on the sample as it is stressed. Changes in the Coatings Capacitance, Pore Resistance, Polarization Resistance, and Double Layer Capacitance can be measured and related to the rate of failure of the coating.  Polarization resistance of paints is experimentally observed to be inversely proportional to probability of corrosion to set in on the metal substrate  Active corrosion at the metal surface is often accompanied by delamination of the coating and formation of blisters. This is signalled by a decrease in the Double Layer Capacitance and a slight increase in the Coating Capacitance

4. WHAT CAN EIS TELL US ABOUT PAINTS? It is useful because using EIS to characterize a painted metal substrate simultaneously measures three phenomena:  The deterioration of the organic coating caused by exposure to an electrolyte  The increase in corrosion rate of the underlying substrate due to the deterioration of the coating and subsequent attack by the electrolyte  The loss of adhesion between the coating and the substrate, i.e. Delamination problems

5. ELECTROCHEMICAL INSTRUMENTATION FOR EIS EVALUATION OF COATINGS  An electrochemical impedance instrument consists of a potentiostat to apply the AC voltage and measure the current(key component to measure current in the system)  Associated electronics to measure the impedance  An electrochemical cell to contain the sample.  Electrolyte(resembling service conditions in which the coating will be used)  Electrodes  Frequency response analyzer (Computer system)

6. Representation of electrochemical cell

7. Alternate Representations of electrochemical cell

8. Real life EIS machine for coating evaluation  NDSU has developed this parallel dip coating apparatus that can coat up to four different paints on a single substrate. The apparatus is design to use the minimal amount of paint and can be adjusted for rate of withdrawal. The substrate used is compatible with our electrochemical impedance spectroscopy tool as well as the other combination tools in the lab.

9. A Case Study Substitution of zinc chromate or zinc yellow, traditionally used as anticorrosive pigment, for other phosphate-based pigments that are not hazardous to health and have the same anticorrosive behavior or even better, is studied in this paper. Four alkyd paints were specially prepared; two of them contained calcium acid phosphate or micronized zinc phosphate as anticorrosive pigments respectively. A paint containing zinc chromate was used as reference and a paint without anticorrosive pigments was used as a blank, in which the other ingredients were increased proportionally to attain the desired PVC relationship. It was observed after EIS testing, Results of all tests showed that the paint with calcium acid phosphate and especially that with micronized zinc phosphate exhibited better behavior than paint with zinc chromate. Analysis of impedance parameters (ionic resistance and capacitance of the paint film) against immersion time allowed the paints to be ranked in the same order as that obtained with salt spray and humidity chamber tests. Citation: L.S. Hernandez, B. del Amo, R. Romagnoli, (2008) "Accelerated and EIS tests for anticorrosive paints pigmented with ecological pigments"

10. Graphical analysis of data

11. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) vs salt spray testing EIS methods can detect deterioration at metal/coating interfaces well before defects become visible, and with greater accuracy than artificial testing methods such as salt spray. More importantly, changes in electrical properties determined by EIS experiments have been found to closely resemble long-term performance of coatings. For the improved test, outdoor specimens are placed in a typical EIS test cell and immersed in a 3.55% NaCl solution. Impedance measurements are taken ranging in frequency from 0.01 Hz to 100 kHz. The results are processed, establishing parameters for galvanic and barrier mechanisms in an equivalent-circuit model Early changes in electrical properties of coatings will predict deterioration of the coating system. The EIS method is also preferable to salt spray and salt fog testing, both techniques that artificially increase exposure to corrosion. This is because the results of artificial experiments tend to be uncorrelated with those performed under natural conditions. Results are often distorted, as well.

12. Advantages of EIS technique over other traditional techniques for coating evaluation  EIS is a very sensitive detector of the condition of a coated metal, so the EIS response can indicate changes in the coating long before any visible damage occurs.  Non- destructive technique, hence less loss of material while testing.  Quantitative data available to back up the claims made by the spectroscopy.  Takes lesser time to evaluate coatings in comparison to other tests like salt spray evaluation or PAC test.  Time dependent data is available

13.  Expensive  Requirement of complex data analysis for quantification  Heavy Requirement of complex lab computers and peripherels,compilers etc for the process  Requires skilled operator

14. It can be easily concluded that EIS is a superior modern technique to study and test surface coatings.What used to take between 1-1/2 and 5 years of exposure to marine conditions to gain definitive information on coatings can now be accomplished in about 8 weeks or less with EIS. It has been proposed that better quantitative approach to surface coating testing is the need of the hour and bodies like the American standards for testing of materials(ASTM) have held discussions on the possibility of including EIS techniques as a “pass-fail” test for evaluation of common paints Conclusion

15. References Brasher, D.M. and Kingsbury, A.H., J. Appl. Chem., 4, 62 (1954). Chico, B., Galvan, J.C., Dela Fuente, D. and Morcillo, M. (2007), Prog. Org. Coat. 60, pp.:53- 54. David L., Peterson, P. and Rodgers, B. (2004), – Gamry Instruments,. “Evaluation of Organic Coating with Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy”; part 2. Application of EIS to Coatings, JCT, pp.: 88-93. Gonza´lez, S., M.A. Gil, M.A., J.O. Herna´ndez, J.O., V. Fox, V. and Souto, R.M. (2001) Prog. Org. Coat. 41, pp.: 167–170. Gonza´lez, S., Fox, V., Souto, R.M. and Adhesion J. (2004), Science Technology. 18, pp.: 455– 464. Gonza´lez, S., I.C. Mirza Rosca, I.C. and R.M. Souto, R.M. (2001) Prog. Org. Coat., 43, pp.: 282–285 Hare, C.H. (1986), “Adhesive and Cohesive Failure in Applied Coating System Composites”, Journal of Protective Coatings and Linings, Sep 1986, pp.: 38-48. Jhon M. N. and Pham Ha Q. (1996),. “Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy; a tool for organic coatings optimizations”, Prog. Org. Coat., 27, pp.: 201-207.

16. Mansfeld F., Jeanjaquet S.L. and M. W. Kendig, M.W. “An Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Study of Reactions at the Metal/Coating Interface, in Corrosion Protection by Organic Coatings". Naderi, R., Attar, M.M. and Moayed, M.H. (2004), “EIS examination of mill scale on mild steel with polyester-epoxy powder coating”, Prog. Org. Coat., 50, pp.: 162-165. Ramirez, D., Vera,R., H. Gomez, H., and Conajahua, C. (2005), “Evaluation of protecting properties of epoxy coatings on Navy steel by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy”, J. Chil. Chem. Soc., 50, N 2, pp.: 489-494. Scully, J. R. (1989), “Electrochemical Impedance of Organic-Coated Steel: Correlation of Impedance Parameters with Long-Term Coating Deterioration”, J. Electrochem. Soc. 136 (4), pp.: 979-990. Souto, R.M., Fox, V., Laz, M.M., Gonza´lez, S. and Adhesion J. (2000), Science Technology. 14, pp.: 1321–1330.

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