2. ISSUE #3 Why are Urban Areas Expanding?

3. PERIPHERAL MODEL PM – urban area consists of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas tied together Peripheral areas lack problems of inner-city neighborhoods Problems of sprawl and segregation? Emergence of edge cities Trend of population growth in cities and suburbs since 1950? None of you have any idea who I am because you were born 5 minutes ago!

4. Peripheral Model of Urban Areas Fig. 13-20: The central city is surrounded by a ring road, around which are suburban areas and edge cities, shopping malls, office parks, industrial areas, and service complexes.

5. DEFINING URBAN SETTLEMENTS Make sure you know the definitions for each: a.City b.Urban area -Urbanized area -Urban cluster c.Metropolitan Statistical Area -Micropolitan statistical area -Core based statistical area -Combined statistical area d. Megalopolis

6. LOCAL GOVERNMENT FRAGMENTATION Makes it difficult to solve regional problems (traffic, trash removal, fires….) Ex. Long Island Call for metropolitan wide governments to alleviate this problem Role of the council of government It’s ours! No, it’s ours! No, you idiots, it's ours!

7. LOCAL GOVERNMENT – cont. Types of metropolitan-wide governments: 1. Federations – (large Canadian cities like Toronto) 2. Consolidations -(Indianapolis and Miami) Some states are pursuing smart growth to deal with urban sprawl Goal of smart growth? Ex. - Maryland

8. ANNEXATION Refers to the process of legally adding land area to a city Why did peripheral residents want this in the 19 th century? Why don’t they today? See example of Chicago on p.480

9. DENSITY GRADIENT The number of houses per unit of land diminishes as you move away from the city center What is meant by a “flattening out” of the gradient? Changes that have affected DG in recent years: 1.# of people living in city center has decreased 2.Less density difference within urban areas - result of these changes? - What is happening in Europe?

10. Cleveland, Ohio Density Gradient 1900-1990 Fig. 13-21: The density gradient in Cleveland shows the expansion of dense population outward from the city center over time. In 1990, population dispersed over a wider area with less variation in density than before.

11. Cleveland, Ohio Density Gradient, 1900 Fig. 13-21a: In 1900 population was highly clustered in and near the central business district.

12. Cleveland, Ohio Density Gradient, 1930 Fig. 13-21b: By 1930, population had begun to spread outward, leaving the core less dense.

13. Cleveland, Ohio Density Gradient, 1960 Fig. 13-21c: Outward movement had accelerated by 1960, leaving the original CBD core as the least densely populated area of the city.

14. Cleveland, Ohio Density Gradient, 1990 Fig. 13-21d: By 1990. population was spread over a much larger area, there was less variation among rings, and the lowest densities were near the CBD.

15. SUBURBAN SPRAWL What is sprawl? – the progressive spread of development over the landscape Causes? Swiss cheese effect of periphery of U.S. cities? Positives of Suburbs… -People get homes/land they want -Privacy -Lower crime rates -More space (parking, children playing…) Negatives Increased prices resulting from need to develop roads, electricity… Loss of agricultural land Low density = waste of energy Europeans are more aggressive in combating sprawl Greenbelts

16. Suburban Development in the U.S. and U.K. Fig. 13-22: New housing in the U.K. is likely to be in planned new towns, while in the U.S. growth occurs in discontinuous developments.

17. SUBURBAN SEGREGATION What are some reasons people like the suburbs? Modern suburbs are separated in two primary ways (p.482) 1.Segregated social classes - Housing tends to be built for one social class 2.Segregated land use - Residents are separated from commercial and manufacturing activities Make sure you read about the suburbanization of services on pp.482-483

18. LIST…… Good things about the use of automobiles…. Bad things about the use of automobiles

19. URBAN TRANSPORTATION Sprawl makes people more dependent on transportation for access to work, shopping, and leisure activities RRs and trolleys in 1800s spurred growth of suburbs Cars in the 1900s exploded growth of suburbs More than half of all trips are work related - commuters

20. MOTOR VEHICLES Allow for development of suburbs farther from urban centers and fill in gaps of RRs Give people more flexibility Dominate transportation in U.S. (building of interstate highways) More than 95% of all trips in U.S. cities are made by car Take up a lot of space in cities (land for roads/parking) -troubles in European cities?

21. CONTROLLING VEHICLES Relieving traffic congestion is key to the health of urban areas Use of GPS and electronic mapping Congestion Charges Tolls Permits Bans These are all ways of reducing the demand on congested roads

22. Downtown Los Angeles Freeways

23. PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION Intense concentration of people in the CBD during working hours strains transportation systems Rush hour Public Transportation can help with this when compared to cars: Cheaper, less space, less pollution, more energy efficient (Americans still prefer cars) American decrease in use of public transit since /1940s Why? We love our cars! (but why?) Exception: Rapid Transit (ex. Subways)

24. Tokyo Subway “Subway pushers” help push as many people as possible into subway cars during rush hour in Tokyo. Other passengers wait in orderly lines to board the next train.

25. PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION – cont. PROBLEMS WITH COST in U.S. People who can’t afford it have a hard time getting to work Not easily accessible in suburbs Fares don’t cover operating costs Fewer users leads to higher prices, which leads to even fewer users and/or services PT IN OTHER COUNTRIES More emphasis, use, funding compared to U.S. Pages 488 – 489 – on your own

26. Public Transport in Brussels Fig. 13-23: Brussels, Belgium illustrates the integration of heavy rail (Métro Lines 1 & 2) and light rail (trams) in European public transport.

27. Tram Line in Brussels A Line 92 tram on the Rue Royale in Brussels.