1. 1 Module 2 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY Terawave Communications, Inc. Network Planning Course Module 2 Network Engineering Overview & PON Review

2. 2 Module 2 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY Objectives At the end of this module, you will:  Understand the planning requirements required for designing, building and expanding a PON network  Review the PON technology and different topologies supported

3. 3 Module 2 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY Contents Planning Requirements – 4 PON Review – 9

4. 4 Module 2 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY Planning Requirements

5. 5 Module 2 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY Planning Requirements Network planning can be broken down into two areas:  Physical Network Topology – Designing the physical configuration of the network PON INT  Traffic Engineering – Planning for the services to be supported on the network. These services can also drive the design of the physical network topology

6. 6 Module 2 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY Planning Requirements – Physical Network PON Network PON basics Optical power levels Splitter information  Type  Losses  Placement Fiber  Type  Loss characteristics  Distances Delay requirements

7. 7 Module 2 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY Planning Requirements – Physical Network INT Network Applications terminated on the INT chassis Bandwidth requirements Application delay requirements

8. 8 Module 2 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY Planning Requirements – Traffic Engineering PON or INT Network Types of services Bandwidth of services Bandwidth of Network interface of Uplink cards Oversubscription ratios Number of calls supported per module VP or VC switching

9. 9 Module 2 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY PON Review

10. 10 Module 2 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY Passive Optical Networks (PONs) General Information A Passive Optical Network (PON) is defined as an optical network without any intermediate electronic or opto-electronic devices PON advantages over networks with active components:  No electric power so they are not sensitive to power failures  Not EMI sensitive (as compared to copper based networks)  Highly reliable and require little maintenance due to lack of intermediate active components Optical fiber generally used is single mode fiber

11. 11 Module 2 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY A group of global Service Providers formed an organization in 1995, the Full Service Access Network (FSAN)  BT (British Telecommunications plc)  Bell Canada  BellSouth  Bezeq Israel  Chunghwa Taiwan  DTAG - Deutsche Telekom  Eire Telecom  FT - France Telecom  Verizon  KPN - Dutch Telecom  KT - Korean Telecom The goal of FSAN was to standardize on a fiber network to the home that would provide support for voice, video and data Passive Optical Networks (PONs) The Standards  Malta Telecom  NTT  SBC  SingTel  Swisscom  TI/CSELT - Telefonica Italia  Telefonica Espana  Telia Sweden  Telstra  Qwest

12. 12 Module 2 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY Passive Optical Networks (PONs) The Standards for BPON Passive Optical Networks and their operation are guided by ITU-T standards  G.983 (02/98) ITU Study Group Recommendation for Broadband APON (BPON)  G.983.1 (10/98) Broadband Optical Access based on PON  G.983.2 (04/00) ONT Management & Control New Recommendations approved by FSAN and forwarded to ITU-T for approval  G.983.1 Amendment 1 (10/01) ITU-T Study Group Recommendation for 622 Symmetric PON  G.983.3 (10/01) ITU-T Study Group Recommendation for Wavelength Overlays  G.983.4 (10/01) ITU-T Study Group Recommendation for Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation  G.983.5 (10/01) ITU-T Study Group Recommendation for Protection

13. 13 Module 2 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY Passive Optical Networks (PONs) The Standards for GPON The next generation of PON is the Gigabit PON, more commonly known as GPON  G.984.1 General Characteristics for Gigabit-capable PON – This Recommendation proposes the general characteristics for GPON, based on operator’s service requirements  G.984.2 Gigabit-capable PON Physical Media Dependent (PMD) Layer specification – This Recommendation proposes the physical layer requirements and specifications for a GPON  G.984.3 Gigabit-capable PON Transmission Convergence Layer specification – This Recommendation proposes the specifications for the GPON framing, messaging, Ranging method, OAM functionality and security  G.984.4Gigabit-capable PON ONT Management & Control Interface (OMCI) specification

14. 14 Module 2 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY Passive Optical Networks (PONs) The Standards for GPON The next generation of PON is the Gigabit PON More commonly known as GPON Different options for the GPON:  Upstream: 155Mbps 622Mbps 1.2Gbps 2.4Gbps  Downstream: 1.2Gbps 2.4Gbps GPONs can be implemented as asymmetric or symmetric Core transport technology is still ATM as it provides globally standardized prioritization

15. 15 Module 2 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY Passive Optical Networks (PONs) Major Components Optical Line Termination (OLT) - Normally located  In the Central Office or;  Basement of a business location Optical Network Unit/Termination (ONU/ONT) - Normally located  In the basement of a business location or;  Wiring closet on individual floors of a business location  Maximum number of ONTs per PON- 32 ODN – Optical Distribution Network  Fiber  Fiber splitters

16. 16 Module 2 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY Passive Optical Networks (PONs) Fiber Recommendations Number of fibers  Dual fiber Easier to implement WDM not required  Single fiber Requires WDM for dual wavelengths on a single fiber Type of fiber  Multi-mode fiber Captures bulk of fiber installed prior to early 1990s  Single mode fiber Most common fiber installed since early 1990s due to advantages over multi-mode –Distance –Capacity

17. 17 Module 2 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY Topologies Supported Linear (Bus) 24 dB system margin allows for 32-way split at up to 20km Longer reach (35 km max) is possible with reduced split ratio & Long Range PAU Module in ONT Linear Topology  OK for static configurations like “fiber in the riser” or fixed configurations like infrastructure projects (e.g. rail or highway applications).  Not practical for FTTB applications due to uncertainty in where subscriber base is located 1x2 95% 5% 90% 10% 85% 15% 80% 20% 75% 25% PCU Xmtr +3dBm to –3dBm ONT Rcvr Sensitivity –27dBm 1550nm   1310nm

18. 18 Module 2 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY Topologies Supported Linear (Bus) Advantages  Most efficient use of main fiber run  Possibility of standardizing on one splitter type (for simplest solution)  Potentially high cascade factor (e.g 14 Splitters) Disadvantages  Low engineering complexity  Requires the use of many splitter types (for longest drop reach)  Adding customers may require re-specification of deployed splitters 1x2 95% 5% 90% 10% 85% 15% 80% 20% 75% 25%

19. 19 Module 2 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY Linear Topology - Example 방화 ONUs 화산 김포공항 송정 마곡 발산 우장산 화곡 까치산까치산 신금호신금호 신정신정 목동목동 오목교오목교 양평양평 영등포구청영등포구청 영등포시장영등포시장 신길신길 여의도여의도 여의나루여의나루 마포마포 공덕공덕 애오ONUs애오ONUs 충정로충정로 서대문서대문 광화문광화문 종로3가종로3가 을지로4가을지로4가 동대 문운 동장 답십리답십리 장한평장한평 아차산아차산 광나루광나루 행당행당 마장마장 청구청구 군자군자 Dacom M_CO Y_CO Subway Corp. MUX Optic Mux M_CO Y_CO J_CO 천호천호 강동 길동 굽은다리 명일 고덕 상일동 올림픽공원 ONUs 롱 오금 둔촌동 방이 거여 J_CO 0.9 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.2 1.30.80.9 Distance 13.7 km Node # 5ONUs 0.91.11.0 1.80.81.10.90.71.1 1.2 1.00.9 0.8 0.9 0.71.01.21.51.01.5 2.0 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.7 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.4 0.9 마천 0.9 2 Km3 Km2 Km 3 Km Distance path 1 :2.9 km path 2 :4.8 km Node # 5ONUs 0.8 Distance 11.6 km Node # 5ONUs Distance 11.4 Km Node # 5ONUs Distance 6.6km Node # 4ONUs Yong_CO K_CO Distance 6.9 km Node # 5ONUs 왕십리왕십리 Distance 11.5km Node # 5ONUs M_CO Distance 8.3 km Node # 5ONUs Y_CO Distance 10.4 km Node # 4ONUs K_CO J_CO Distance 12 Km Node # 5ONUs Distance 5.3 Km Node # 3ONUs J_CO Seoul Subway – Line 5

20. 20 Module 2 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY Topologies Supported Linear Branch Linear Branch Topology  Compromise between Linear topology and Tree & Branch topology  Offers fiber savings and also helps to deal with the uncertainty of the location of customer for FTTB Advantages  Can be engineered with spare ports for flexibility/growth  Most efficient use of main fiber run Disadvantages  Moderate engineering complexity  Lower number of splitters in cascade  Adding customers may require re-specification of deployed splitters  May require exotic splitter types 1x4

21. 21 Module 2 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY Topologies Supported Tree & Branch (Bush) Tree & Branch Topology  Ideal for FTTH applications where the number and location of subscribers is well defined.  OK for FTTB application where subscriber base is reasonably well assured (e.g. business or industrial park) and several such concentrations exist. 1x4 1x2

22. 22 Module 2 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY Topologies Supported Tree & Branch (Bush) Advantages  Efficient use of fiber  Accommodates most churn without the need to reengineer  Utilizes only a few splitter types Disadvantages  Difficult engineering complexity  May result in too many or too few optical ports at the last splitter 1x4 1x2

23. 23 Module 2 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY Tree & Branch - Example OTN#2 OTN#3 OTN#4 OTN#1 OTN#5 HE 7609 Admin Site Single Fiber PON TW600 GIG E (MM GBIC) PON 1A PON 2A PON 3A PON 4A PON 1B PON 2B PON 3B PON 4B 2 3 4 TW300 Lite Long Range (25Km+) Thunder Mt. Elementary Taylor Elementary Palisade High 1x6 1x4 TW300 LAN Sites < 25Km 1x4

24. 24 Module 2 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY Topologies Supported Star Star Topology or Modified Star Topology  Ideal as a starter topology for FTTB providing a migration toward an efficiently utilized T&B topology. 1x32

25. 25 Module 2 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY Topologies Supported Modified Star OK for FTTB applications where subscriber base is reasonably well assured (e.g. business or industrial park) using a “drive deep and split” approach. Advantages  Least engineering complexity  Accommodates churn without the need to reengineer  Utilizes a small number of splitter types  Highly resilient to access fiber failure Disadvantages  Least efficient use of fiber 1x16 1x2 1x16

26. 26 Module 2 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY Modified Star Topology - Example COMCOR HQ Out of Band Mgmt Fore ASX1000 ATM Fore ASX200 Ethernet Switch/Hub SDH Alcatel Optiplex 1660SM STM1c OLT Configuration 3 x PCU 622 1 x STM1 sTDM NIM 1 x STM1c ATM NIM 1 x GIG E NIM PON 1 ONT 17-32 PON 1 ONT 1-16 10bT STM1 PON 2 6 ONT Core Network Ethernet Hub TMS Server/ TMS Client Outside Fiber Reference Lab Moscow Typical Central Office In Band Mgmt Fore ASX1000 Slave Central Office 1x2 1x16 Customer Premises 1x16 PON 1 (of 3) (<=16 Drops) 1x2 1x16 1x32

27. 27 Module 2 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY PON Review Ranging The process by which the OLT determines the ONTs relative distance from the ONT to determine the ONTs relative traffic position in the PONs Upstream traffic Multiple types of Ranging  Coarse – The initial task to measure the delay from the OLT to each ONT  Fine – The measured range from the OLT to the ONT plus another delay corresponding to the time slot assigned to the ONT within a frame of ATM cells Re-ranging occurs on a periodic basis to compensate for delay variances between the OLT and ONT resulting from such changing variables as temperature and moisture

28. 28 Module 2 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY PON Review Granting Upstream traffic is TDMA while Downstream traffic is broadcast The process of “Grants” is a method whereby PONs control the flow of Upstream traffic from the ONTs to the OLT The “Grant” is the permission sent from the OLT to the ONT to allow the ONT to transmit traffic in its assigned timeslot on the Upstream data train

29. 29 Module 2 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY Objectives Revisited Understand the planning requirements required for designing, building and expanding a PON network Review the PON technology and different topologies supported

30. 30 Module 2 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY Terawave Communications, Inc. Lighting The First Mile™