1. Industrialization and Cities

2. Objectives O Understand the cause and effect of the Industrial Revolution in England.

3. Importance of Coal O https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u9scwvePHDc https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u9scwvePHDc O This allowed iron to be made ∴ allowing for increased machines!

4. Setting the Stage O Industrialization had both positive and negative effects on daily life in Britain

5. Industrialization Changes Life O By the 1800s ppl could earn more $ in wages in the cities than by working on farms O This allowed ppl a little extra spending $ to afford things like in home heat, meat, + better clothing O http://www.history.com/topics/industrial- revolution http://www.history.com/topics/industrial- revolution

6. Industrial Cities Rise O Previous to the 1800s most European lived in rural areas (on farms) O Due to the growth in the factory system in 1800 people started rapidly moving to cities O Most populations in large cities more than doubled in size, some in quadrupled O This is known as urbanization: city building and the mvm’t of ppl to cities

7. Industrial Cities Rise O Factories developed in clusters b/c they needed an energy source like coal or water O Britain’s capital, London, was its most important industrial center O Its population exploded = lots of laborers O Other cities flourished as well: Manchester, Sheffield, Birmingham, Liverpool

8. Living Conditions O B/c population in England’s cities were growing so rapidly  little plans to support all of the ppl: O No development plans- widespread disease O No sanitary codes- especially cholera O No building codes- lived in slums O Lacked adequate housing O No drainage on streets O No garbage collection system O Single room homes that were very dark and dirty O Lived to 17 years old in cities, farmers lived until 38

9. Living Conditions

10. O Tenement Homes:

11. Living Conditions

12. Working Conditions O To increase production, factory owners required 14 hour workdays, 6 days/week O Poorly lit factories = machines cause many injuries O Arms, fingers often caught and removed O Coal mines were the most dangerous O Frequent accidents, damp, constant breathing in of coal = coal worker lived 10 years on average less than other workers O https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eHOEau-QV1M https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eHOEau-QV1M O No gov’t programs to provide aid/regulation O Child labor

13. Child Labor

14. Class Tensions Grow O While the working class experienced poverty, factory owners and merchants gained wealth O Factory owners, shippers, + merchants were part of the middle class. O Social class of skilled workers who experienced a growth in wealth during the Industrial Revolution

15. The Middle Class O Skilled workers, professionals, businesspeople, wealthy farmers, factory owners O Transformed British social structure: O Some grew even wealthier than the British landowners and aristocrats O This gave the middle class more political power than ever before! O Landowners and aristocrats looked down upon them until the end of the 1800s O Middle class steadily grew thru/out the I.R.

16. Social Structure O Upper class: wealthy landowners and aristocrats O Upper Middle class: gov’t workers, doctors, lawyers, large factory owners O Middle class: merchants, factory owners O Lower middle class: factory overseers, skilled toolmakers, printers O All of the above enjoy a comfortable life O Working class: factory workers (poor)

17. The Working Class O As things became more mechanized the working class became less + less important O Group of workers called the Luddites: attacked entire factories in northern England in 1811 O Sought to destroy the machines that were taking their jobs O Mobs of workers rioted b/c of poor living and working conditions

18. Positive Effects of the Industrial Revolution O Jobs O Wealth of the nation as a whole O Fostered technological innovation O Increased the production of goods O Improved standard of living (expect working class) O Provided hope for improvement in life

19. Positive Effects of the Industrial Revolution O Cheaper, better clothing O More $ to spend on better food O Expanded educational opportunities O Immediate benefits of middle + upper class O Workers gained benefits towards the end of the 1800s O Fought for better wages and working conditions (unions)

20. Long-Term Effects O Affordable consumer goods O Living and working conditions much improved O Tax revenues that allow the gov’t to invest in urban improvements O Economic success first in England, then Europe, then United States then world!

21. Case Study: Manchester O Using a specific example to analyze and illustrate a greater idea, time period, or concept.

22. The Mills of Manchester