1. DEF ( Diesel Exhaust Fluid) What is it, why do we need it and how do we handle it? Presented by Gary Pfeiffer and Brian Stern of Stern Oil Company 1

2. Why do we need DEF (diesel exhaust fluid)? EPA STANDARDS CANNOT BE MET WITH CHANGES TO DIESEL FUEL AND ENGINE TECHNOLOGY ALONE 2

3. Why do we need DEF (diesel exhaust fluid)? 3

4. What is DEF (diesel exhaust fluid)? A Urea based solution Urea {CO(NH 2 ) 2 } is a common agriculture fertilizer that is solid at room temperature. DEF – ISO 22241, definition and purity standard o 32.5% automotive grade urea o 67.5% de-ionized water o API certification program, http://www.apidef.org DEF is injected into the SCR (Selective Catalyst Reduction) System where the NO X (nitrous oxide) is converted to N (Nitrogen) and H 2 O (water). PRO’s : Improves air quality emissions (Particularly NO X, Nitrous Oxide emissions). PRO’s : Improves combustion (less EGR), better fuel efficiency, increased power, reduced maintenance, fewer regenerations, less wear on the engine (reduced soot). CON’s : Increases initial purchase price of equipment. CON’s : Expense of an additional fluid and fluid handling. Tradeoff’s : DEF brings it’s own maintenance costs but should reduce certain maintenance costs associated more closely with the engine and cooling systems. 4

5. DEF Storage and Handling Issues Approved Storage and Handling Materials: Stainless Steel, #304, #316 Titanium Polyethylene Polypropylene Polyisobutylene Perfluoroalkoxy alkane (PFA) Polyfluroethylene (PFE) Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE / common brand is Teflon) High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Linear Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) Nickel #430 Chromium Ethylene Propylene Rubber (EPDM) ****All materials listed above must be free of additives and must be in their true chemical form!!! 5

6. DEF Storage and Handling Issues Unacceptable Storage and Handling Materials Aluminum Carbon Steel Iron Copper Brass Zinc Lead Magnesium Nickel Coating Nitrile Rubber (trade names such as Europene, Nipol and Krynac) Polyvinyl Chloride or commonly known as PVC Viton Glass Silver 6

7. DEF Storage and Handling Issues Cold Weather : DEF freezes at 12 degrees F. DEF efficacy is not impacted by freezing and subsequent thawing. O.E.M.’s circulate antifreeze / coolant to thaw DEF in tank. DEF delivery lines are electrically heated. EPA requires DEF flow within 70 minutes of engine start up. O.E.M.’s have proven that DEF can flow within minutes of engine warm up. Hot Weather: Shelf life is dependent on temperature. Upon heating DEF will hydrolysis to form small amounts of ammonium carbonate and ammonium bicarbonate. 7

8. DEF Storage and Handling Issues 8

9. DEF Quality and Impact of Impurities Urea, 31.8% - 33.2% by weight Density at 77 degrees F: 9.07 lbs. per gallon Alkalinity as Ammonia,.2% by weight ( 2000 ppm max. determines shelf life) Insolubles ( 20 ppm max. clogs scr injector) Calcium (.5 ppm max. clogs scr injector) Magnesium (.5 ppm max. clogs scr injector) Aldehydes ( 5 ppm max. forms deposits ) Sodium (.5 ppm max. poisons catalyst) Potassium (.5 ppm max. poisons catalyst) Phosphates (.5 ppm max. poisons catalyst) Biuret ( 3000 ppm max. poisons catalyst) Aluminum (.5 ppm max. poisons catalyst) Iron (.5 ppm max. poisons catalyst) Copper (.2 ppm max. poisons catalyst) Zinc (.2 ppm max. poisons catalyst) Chromium (.2 ppm max. poisons catalyst) Nickel (.2 ppm max. poisons catalyst) 9

10. DEF Quality and Impact of Impurities Impact of contaminants such as Aldehydes, hard water and insolubles: 10

11. DEF Safety DEF is less toxic than other automotive fluids including diesel fuel, brake fluid, engine oil, or antifreeze / coolant. DEF may irritate skin and eyes, can be flushed with water. DEF is corrosive to many metals and most notable aluminum and carbon steel. DEF is not considered hazardous material by the DOT. DEF is not a hazardous substance under EPA regulations. DEF is a slipping hazard, DEF is slippery on floors or painted surfaces. Pay attention to your DEF tank gauge as depleting DEF will lead engine to derate, affecting speed and/or power. DEF consumption is between.5% to 15% depending on size of diesel engine and amount of exhaust created. 11

12. Thank you! Questions? 12