1. INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH – DAY 1

2. Issues...  Why are we interested in research?  What is research?  Key concepts and issues  Introduction to validity

3. Why must we understand research?  help make informed decisions  need to produce research in career  evaluating research in the media  assist in classes

4. Why is research a valued source of knowledge?  Common ways of knowing…  personal experience/intuition  experts/traditions/authority  scientific method

5. What is Science, the Scientific Method, and Research?  Science…  a body of established knowledge  the observation, identification, investigation, and theoretical explanation of natural phenomenon Usually the ultimate goal is theory generation and verification

6. What is Science, the Scientific Method, and Research?  Theory…  a set of inter-related constructs and propositions that specify relations among variables to explain and predict phenomena  should be simple, consistent with observed relationships, tentative and verifiable

7. What is Science, the Scientific Method, and Research?  Scientific Method…  involves the principles and processes regarded as characteristic of or necessary for scientific investigation  process or approach to generating valid and trustworthy knowledge

8. What is Science, the Scientific Method, and Research?  Research…  the application of the scientific method  a systematic process of collecting and logically analyzing information (data)  Research Methods…  the ways one collects and analyzes data  methods developed for acquiring trustworthy knowledge via reliable and valid procedures

9. Characteristics of Research  objective  precise  verifiable  empirical  logical  probabilistic

10. Key Concepts and Issues  time in research  variables  types of relationships  types of data  fallacies  structure or research  deduction and induction  ethics  validity

11. Time Dimension  Collects data at one point in time  What exists today?  Studies examine variable of interest over a period of time  Ability to collect data on the same individual or group of individuals over time Cross-SectionalLongitudinal

12. Variables  variable…  any observation that can take on different values  attribute…  a specific value on a variable

13. Examples VariableAttribute age18, 19, 20, etc...

14. Examples VariableAttribute satisfaction 1 = very satisfied 2 = satisfied 3= somewhat satisfied 4 = not satisfied 5 = not satisfied at all

15. Types of Relationships  correlational vs. causal relationships variables perform in a synchronized manner one variable causes the other variable

17. Types of Relationships  patterns of relationships…  no relationship  positive relationship  negative relationship  curvilinear relationship

18. -+ - + resting HR fitness -+ - + vocabulary fitness -+ - HR exercise intensity - + - arousal performance ++ Anxiety

19. Types of Research

20. Research Fallacies  fallacy…  an error in reasoning (logic or premise)

21. Structure of Research The "hourglass" notion of research

23. Ethics in Research  balance between protecting participants vs. quest for knowledge  IRB provides one mechanism  informed consent/assent  confidentiality and anonymity  justification of procedures  right to services

24. HOW TO READ A RESEARCH PAPER – DAY 2

25. Why do I need to read the paper?  For general interest or background information  To find out exactly what the latest developments are in a field  To seek evidence to support or refute your ideas  To broaden your avenues of research  To find out how a certain piece of research was done

26. Standard Format of Research Articles  Abstract  Introduction:  Context  Research Problem  Review of Literature  Methods  Results  Discussion  References

27. Abstract  Advertisement for the paper  Summary of paper  Reason for performing the study  Hypothesis  Important results  Implications of the findings

28. Abstract

29. Introduction  Background - the reasons the author(s) conducted the study; theoretical framework; literature review  Statement of Purpose - the goal of the research (the destination); the problem statement  Hypotheses - “educated guesses” about relationships or differences

30. Introduction

31. Methodology  Participants (sample) - who the subjects are, how obtained/selected  Materials (equipment, apparatus, measuring instruments) - what was used, quality of measuring instruments  Procedures - how study was conducted; what subjects did or what was done to them  Should be clear enough to repeat the experiment and get the same results

32. Methodology

33. Results (Findings)  What they found  Visual representation of the data  In text  In tables  In figures  Figure legends  Description of results, but no discussion

34. Results

35. Discussion/Conclusions  Non-technical interpretation of results  Linking results to original purposes, hypotheses, and previous research  Why the results turned out the way they did  Identifying the study’s limitations  Suggesting steps for further research

36. References  Expansion of the citations in the text  Record of the authors, title and journal where the papers were published  Critically important to avoid plagiarism – must include the sources of all information that is other people’s intellectual property  Individual journals will request specific methods

37. Evaluating Research  Goal: to be able to critique a research article by identifying the strengths and weaknesses of each component of the research  “Tools for Evaluating Research Reports”

38. Evaluating Introductions  Literature review: to place current study in context of what is known/not known  Nature of literature cited  Researcher bias  Rationale/need for study  Theoretical framework  Link of framework to research questions  Sufficiency of information  Usefulness of review

39. Evaluating Introductions  Research questions and hypotheses drive the study  Clarity of problem  Sufficient rationale  Contribution to existing knowledge  Link to theoretical framework and lit review  Assumptions explicit/implicit  Operational definition of terms  Statement of hypotheses

40. Evaluating Methodology  Sufficient detail of procedures (treatment), design and instruments  Full description of population  Full description of sampling method  Quality of measures used  Obvious weaknesses in design

41. Evaluating Results  Appropriateness of statistical techniques used  Clarity of presentation of results  Adequacy of presentation of results

42. Evaluating Discussion/Conclusions  Consistency of conclusions with findings  Appropriateness of generalizations  Discussion of implications of findings  Discussion of limitations of study  Alternative explanation for findings  Linkage of conclusions with theoretical framework, research questions

43. Jigsaw  Your group is responsible for reading 5 articles (2 short articles on cyberbullying)  Each person will select and read 1 article (1 person is responsible for the articles on cyberbullying)  The article should roughly align with your part for the project  After you read and annotate your article, you will complete the annotated bibliography  You will use the other side to complete for your independent article

44. Articles  “Bullying Victims: Psychological and Somatic Aftermath”  “Bullying: What Schools, Parents, and Students Can Do”  “Understanding Bullying” (p 151)  “Students’ Perspectives on Cyber Bullying” (p 113)  “Cyber Bullying Facts and Statistics”

45. Important Dates: We will have TWO full days in class to work on this:  the 22nd (in the computer lab)  the 26th (with the laptop cart) Plan accordingly so that you are able to complete your project on time! Presentations in class (for a grade):  February 1 st, February 3 rd Presentations for Freshman Homerooms:  February 3 rd (4-5 groups per class period will go this day), February 10 th (any remaining groups will go here)

46. Journal You will not have to share your responses unless you want to. Some of this material may be private or embarrassing. However, you will have the opportunity to share what you wrote, if you wish. CHOOSE ONLY ONE  Topic 1 (10 minutes): Have you ever been bullied? What happened? How did you deal with it? What were the consequences ?  Topic 2 (10 minutes): Have you ever bullied anyone or been an onlooker when bullying was happening? What did you do? Why did you do it? What did the person who was bullied do in response? What happened afterwards?

47. ANNOUNCEMENTS

48. Senior Project Due Dates

49. Norco Career Con

50. ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY DAY 3

51. Annotated Bibliography

54. Survey Monkey

55. Bullying Survey

56. Google Docs

57. Social Media Leveraging