1. Investigation http://www.youtube.com/user /lunatim?blend=9&ob=5

2. Part 1

3.  Gas is a form of matter. Gases have mass and occupy space.  Gases are composed of individual particles that are not connected to other particles.  Gas particles are relatively far apart and are in constant motion.  There is nothing between particles of gas except empty space.  Gas particles can be forced closer together, a process called compression.

4.  What’s in the bottle?  How do you know?  What would happen if I heated or cooled the air in the bottle?

5.  Imagine that you are going to show a class of fourth graders what happens to air when it is heated or cooled. Try to find a good way to show what happens to a volume of air when it is heated or cooled. You will have these materials to work with. 1 bottle and cap 2 500ml cups of water 1 plastic foam cup 1 stopper and rubber tubing 1 cup of bubble solution 1 balloon

6.  Place nothing inside the bottle.  Maintain the integrity of the bottle – do not crush, fold, or otherwise modify the bottle.  Share the group items with other members of the group. Everyone should try several different ways to demonstrate what happens when a volume of air is heated or cooled.

8.  To heat or cool air in the bottle, you can dunk the bottle in a cup like this of hot or cold water. Caution!!! Put only 150 ml of water in the cup. It will overflow if you put too much in it.  Work in your trays to contain inadvertent spills.  Foam cups are used for distributing hot water. One person from each group gets the water.  You have 20 minutes for the inquiry and data collection.

9.  Clean, dry and return all materials to the materials station.  Wipe up any spills.

10.  How did you use the balloon?  How did you use the plastic tube?  How did you use the bubble solution?  What other steps did you try that demonstrated what happens to air when it heats or cools?

11.  When a volume of gas gets hot, its’ volume increases. The process of increasing volume is called expansion. Air, like all gases, expands when it gets hot.  When a volume of gas gets cold, its’ volume decreases. The process of decreasing volume is called contraction. Air, like all gases, contracts when it gets cold.

12.  When you put a balloon over the mouth of a bottle, you trap a volume of air inside the volume-and-balloon system. When you put it into the hot water bath, the air inside the system heated up and expanded. The volume of the trapped air was greater when it was warm than when it was cold. The increased volume filled the bottle and the balloon.

13.  When you put the bottle in the warm water and then put the cap on tightly, you trapped a volume of warm air in the bottle. When the bottle was put into the cold water, the air in the bottle contracted, taking up a smaller space in the bottle. The sides of the bottle pushed in when the air inside contracted.

14.  What caused the balloon to inflate?  What caused the balloon to deflate?  What caused the tube to blow bubbles when it was underwater?  What caused the water to go up the tube when it was underwater?  What caused the plastic bottle to crush when it was placed in cold water?

15. Part 1. Question What happens to a volume of air when it is heated? When it is cooled? Part 2. Procedure a. Work with materials to figure out a good demonstration to show fourth graders. b. Draw and label your setup. c. Write a description of what happens to air when it gets hot and when it gets cold. Make sure it can be understood by fourth graders. Part 3. Draw and label your setup here. Part 4. Explain what happens to air when it is heated and cooled.

16. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uoJ6OLoORPw Expanding Baby Bottle 3 min

17.  Kinetic energy is energy of motion. Gas particles are always moving. Some particles move faster, and some particles move more slowly. The speed at which particles move is directly related to the amount of kinetic energy it has. Fast particles have more kinetic energy and slow particles have less kinetic energy.

18.  Gas particles are always hitting other particles. Fast moving particles hit other particles more frequently and harder. Hard, frequent hitting pushes gas particles farther apart. When gas particles are pushed farther apart, the volume of gas increases. The gas expands.

19.  Expansion of gas is the result of increased kinetic energy of the gas particles. Heat is a form of energy. Heat is directly related to kinetic energy. The greater the kinetic energy of the particle, the greater the heat.

20.  When hot water heated the particles of air in the bottle, the kinetic energy of the air particles increased and the air expanded. When cold water cooled the particles of air in the bottles, the kinetic energy of the air particles declined, and the air contracted.

21.  We observed that air changes when it is heated and cooled. Some of the changes are observable, like bubbles forming as gas expands. Some of the changes are not observable, such as the interaction of air particles as a volume of gas is heated.

22.  Explain what happens at the particle level when air is heated and cooled. Imagine that you could see the air particles in the bottle. Explain what happens to the particles when the air is heated and cooled.  Use drawings and labels if they will help.  In your explanation, use these three terms - Expand, Contract, Kinetic Energy.

23.  BrainPop – Kinetic Energy  States of Matter Video - 7 min. http://www.neok12.com/php/watch.php ?v=zX580a7d6f5a60717d50560a&t=States -of-Matter http://www.neok12.com/php/watch.php ?v=zX580a7d6f5a60717d50560a&t=States -of-Matter

24. Part 2

25. COMPRESSIONCONTRACTION  Syringes and foam cubes  We pushed air into a smaller space by applying force to the air.  We made the volume smaller  When the volume of a gas becomes smaller because of PRESSURE, it is COMPRESSED gas.  Bottles and balloons  When we transfer energy away from gas particles, the lower kinetic energy meant they didn’t hit each other as often or as hard.  The particles could move closer together.  When the volume of a gas becomes smaller, KINETIC ENERGY IS REDUCED, it is CONTRACTED gas.

26.  Using a syringe system, I can decrease the volume of the air in the syringe by pushing the plunger in.  Can I change the volume of the liquid the same way?

28.  Last activity – we subjected air to hot and cold environments and observed what happened.  Today’s activity – we will subject water to hot and cold environments and observe what happens.

29. READ

30.  System Set up: Fit the clear pipe a short distance into the #1 stopper. Use a syringe to transfer 35 ml of blue water into the glass bottle. Press the stopper firmly into the bottle as far as it will go. Adjust the water level midway in the pipe by wiggling the stopper out of the bottle a small amount, or by using a pipette to draw water out of the pipe. Tape a 1” X 3” card to the pipe. Use just enough tape to hold the card in place. DEMO

31.  Get your 35 ml of room temperature blue water from the blue water station.  Attach the 1” X 3” card with a small amount of tape AFTER the water level has been adjusted to the middle of the clear pipe.  Fill each 500 ml cup to the water line (150 ml)– no higher!

32.  Glass thermometers are precision scientific instruments and must be used with care and ONLY to measure temperature.  Thermometers are glass – they are breakable and can be hazardous if broken.  The plastic triangle on the stem of the thermometer is there to prevent rolling. Keep it on the thermometer at all times.

33.  Getters get materials.  Work in your blue trays.  Use paper towels to clean up spills.  Investigation time - 20 minutes.  Put the bottle in the cold water first, then the hot water.  Transcribe the marks on your cards into your lab books.

34.  Dispose of the water bathes and blue water in the waste container.  Remove the card from the pipe and tape it into the lab book of one team member.  Return all other materials to the material table neatly.

35.  Answer questions 1-5 on Heating and Cooling Water - A and B. (Lab book 34-35)

37.  Where you able to reduce the volume of water in the syringe by pushing on the plunger?  Where you able to increase the volume of water in the syringe by pulling on the plunger?  How was the behavior of water in the syringe different from the behavior of air in the syringe?  Why do you think water can’t be compressed?

38.  What happened to a volume of air when we heated it?  What caused the air to expand?  What happened to a volume of air when it was put in cold water?

39.  What happened when you placed your bottle system in cold water?  Water level in the pipe went down.  What happened when you placed your bottle system in hot water?  Water level in the pipe went up.

40.  What caused the water to go up in the pipe when you put the bottle in hot water?  The volume of the water expanded when it got hot.  What caused the water to go down in the pipe when you put the bottle in cold water?  The water contracted when it got cold.

41.  What do you think happened to the water particles in the bottle system when it was placed in hot water? Use the terms kinetic energy and expansion in your explanation. Heat energy transferred from the hat water to the water particles inside the bottle. They began to move more (greater kinetic energy) More kinetic energy pushed the particles farther apart, resulting in expansion. As particles pushed farther apart, they pushed up the pipe.

42.  What do you think will happen if I turn this bottle system upside-down?  If I surround the bottle with a hot cloth, what will happen to the water level in the clear pipe? Will it move up toward the bottle? Will it move down toward the end of the pipe?  What caused the water in the pipe to go down?  When the volume of water expands, what is getting bigger?  Is the distance between the particles increasing or is the size of the particles increasing?  What causes the increase in distance between particles?

43.  Liquid water is composed of water particles. The particles are not, however, flying around like the particles in air. The are no large spaces between the particles in liquid water. The particles in liquid water are close together, just about touching one another.  The particles in water are always moving. They move over and around one another and vibrate – a back and forth motion. The particles in water behave like a bunch of marbles in a box.

44.  When a volume of water warms up, the kinetic energy of the particles increases. The particles move past each other faster and vibrate more. The faster motion and increased vibration push the particles a little farther apart. When the particles are farther apart, the volume of the water increases. Increased volume is expansion. The water particles do not get larger, they get farther apart.

45.  Water, just like air, expands when its particles are pushed farther apart. The particles in water, just like the particles in air, get pushed farther apart when the kinetic energy of the particles increases.

46.  How do you think a thermometer works?  What happens when you put a thermometer in a cup of hot water?  Assignment: In your table groups write up a functional step by step model of how a thermometer works (5 minutes).  Share

47.  When a thermometer is put in hot water, the alcohol heats up.  The kinetic energy of the alcohol particles increases.  The alcohol particles hit each other and push each other farther apart.  The alcohol expands.  The alcohol pushes up the thermometer stem.  The numbers tell us how much the alcohol has expanded. The bigger the number, the hotter the alcohol.

49.  Read Particles in Motion – Resource Book  Lab book p. 37 – Answer questions  Turn in page 37

50.  What is kinetic energy?  Energy of motion  What are two ways to increase an objects’ kinetic energy?  Increase its mass or speed  Explain why a balloon inflates when a bottle and balloon system is placed in hot water. Air in the system heats up Air particles gain kinetic energy The particles hit each other harder and more often The particles are pushed farther apart Increased distance between particles is called expansion Expanded air pushes into the balloon causing it to inflate.

51.  What happens to a sample of matter when its particles lose kinetic energy? When particles of matter loose kinetic energy they don’t hit each other as hard or as often They move closer together The volume of a sample of matter gets smaller It contracts.

52.  How are particles in solids, liquids and gases the same?  All particles are in constant motion.  How are they different? Particles in solids are bonded together; they do not change position; they vibrate in one place. Particles in liquids are touching, but can move over and around one another. Particles of gas fly through space constantly and independently, in a straight line, until they hit something, at which point they bounce off and travel in a new direction.

53. Sheet Response Sheet – Kinetic Energy – Lab book p. 39

54. Part 3

55.  How did you get air to expand?  How did you get water to expand?  How did you get air and water to contract?  Was there more air and water when they were expanded than when they were contracted?  What was the difference between the expanded and contracted forms of air and water?  What caused the amount of space to change?  Do solid materials like glass, rock and metal, expand and contract?

56.  The sphere and ring are made of metal. What might happen to the metal particles in the sphere? In the ring?  What might happen to the sphere and the ring as a result of the changes in kinetic energy?  What will happen when the sphere and ring are brought together?

57.  Solids, liquids and gases are all matter. They are all made of particles.  The particles in gases move independently. As gases heat up, the particles move farther apart and the volume of the gas increases.  The particles in liquids move around, but are in contact with one another. As liquids heat up, the particles move farther apart, and the volume of the liquid increases.  The particles in solids are NOT free to move around; they are bonded together. As solids heat up, the particles vibrate more, and move farther apart, and the volume of the solid increases.

58.  Why didn’t the hot sphere pass easily through the cold ring?  What happened to cause the metal sphere to expand?  What happened to cause the metal ring to contract?

59.  Fossweb.com Particles in Solid, Liquid and Gas Thermometers

60.  Study Guide Expansion and Contraction  Read Expansion and Contraction  Lab book p. 41 – Answer Questions

61.  Expansion and Contraction Study Guide  Hot and Cold Air  Hot and Cold Liquids  Hot and Cold Solids  Compression and Contraction  Particles in Solids, Liquids, and Gases  Terms