1. Protists

2. Classification Formerly Kingdom Protista Formerly Kingdom Protista –Modern taxonomists now place them in many different kingdoms Essentially, protists are eukaryotes that do not fit in kingdoms Fungi, Plantae, or Animalia Essentially, protists are eukaryotes that do not fit in kingdoms Fungi, Plantae, or Animalia –Very diverse group, including more than 200,000 species

4. General Characteristics Eukaryotes Eukaryotes Mostly unicellular Mostly unicellular –Some may be colonial or multicellular Mostly aquatic (or in moist environments) Mostly aquatic (or in moist environments) Often categorized by how they obtain nutrition Often categorized by how they obtain nutrition –Heterotrophs: animal-like - PROTOZOA –Autotrophs: plant-like, photosynthetic - ALGAE –Decomposers: fungus-like, external digestion

5. Protozoans – Animal-like Protists Phyla How they Move Examples ZoomastiginaFlagella Giardia; Trypanosoma Sarcodina Pseudopods; “false feet” Amoebas CiliaphoraCiliaParamecium Sporozoa Little movement Plasmodium

7. Protozoans: Parasites and Disease Many protozoans can cause serious disease Many protozoans can cause serious disease –Plasmodium – Malaria –Carried by mosquitoes (vector) –Trypanosoma – African sleeping sickness –Carried by tsetse fly (vector) –Amoebas– amoebic dynsentery –Found in contaminated water –Giardia – severe diarrhea and digestive problems

8. Malaria Affects blood and liver Affects blood and liver Causes chills and fever and other flu like symptoms Causes chills and fever and other flu like symptoms Major world-wide killer Major world-wide killer

9. Algae – Plant-like Protists Classified by pigments: Contain different forms of chlorophyll and other pigments  range of colors Classified by pigments: Contain different forms of chlorophyll and other pigments  range of colors Autotrophic – photosynthesis/producers Autotrophic – photosynthesis/producers Range from microscopic to giant kelp Range from microscopic to giant kelp No true roots, stems, or leaves No true roots, stems, or leaves Major components of plankton (floaters) Major components of plankton (floaters)

10. Algae Phyla PhylumExamples Chlorophyta Green Algae Phaeophyta Brown Algae Rhodophyta Red Algae BacillariophytaDiatoms PyrrophytaDinoflagellates Chrysophyta Golden Algae EuglenophytaEuglenoids

11. Fungus-Like Protists Heterotrophs that absorb nutrients from dead or decaying organic matter Heterotrophs that absorb nutrients from dead or decaying organic matter Includes: Includes: –Slime Molds –Water Molds Called oomycetes Called oomycetes Caused potato famine Caused potato famine

12. Ecological Effects of Protists Symbiotic relationships Symbiotic relationships Recycling of Nutrients Recycling of Nutrients Major food web components (Zooplankton and Phytoplankton) Major food web components (Zooplankton and Phytoplankton) Algal blooms – cause red tides which are toxic Algal blooms – cause red tides which are toxic Producers and oxygen suppliers Producers and oxygen suppliers Can cause disease and illness Can cause disease and illness

13. Kingdom Fungi

14. General Characteristics Eukaryotes Eukaryotes Heterotrophic Heterotrophic Multicellular (except yeast) Multicellular (except yeast) Have cell walls made of chitin (same as in some exoskeletons) Have cell walls made of chitin (same as in some exoskeletons) Get nutrition by absorption – digest food outside their bodies then absorb the simpler compounds Get nutrition by absorption – digest food outside their bodies then absorb the simpler compounds –Absorb from soil or from host

15. Structure Composed of thin filaments called hyphae Composed of thin filaments called hyphae Mycelium – mass of hyphae underground Mycelium – mass of hyphae underground –Increases surface area for absorption Fruiting body – reproductive structure that grows above ground Fruiting body – reproductive structure that grows above ground –Also consist of hyphae

16. Hyphae

17. Reproduction and Spores Reproduce by spores Reproduce by spores Spores can be produced asexually by mitosis (2n), or sexually by meiosis (1n) Spores can be produced asexually by mitosis (2n), or sexually by meiosis (1n) –Most fungi produce spores by both methods Most spores are scattered easily by wind, water, and animals Most spores are scattered easily by wind, water, and animals Spores germinate in favorable conditions, usually warm and moist, to produce new fungi Spores germinate in favorable conditions, usually warm and moist, to produce new fungi

18. Classification Phyla Common Name Examples Zygomycota Common Molds Rhizopus bread mold Ascomycota Sac fungi Morels, truffels, yeast Basidiomycota Club fungi Common mushrooms, puffballs Deuteromycota Imperfect fungi Penicillium Fungi are grouped by similar reproduction and structures

20. Fungi Ecology Many are saprobes (decomposers) that obtain food from decaying matter Many are saprobes (decomposers) that obtain food from decaying matter Important for recycling nutrients Important for recycling nutrients Many are symbionts (mutualistic or parasitic) Many are symbionts (mutualistic or parasitic)

21. Parasitic Fungi Can cause serious diseases in plants, animals, and humans Can cause serious diseases in plants, animals, and humans –Plants: corn smut, mildews, wheat, rust Can greatly affect crops Can greatly affect crops –Humans: athlete’s foot, ringworms, yeast infections, thrush

22. Mutualistic Fungi Lichens –fungi and green algae/ cyanobacteria Lichens –fungi and green algae/ cyanobacteria –Can grow in harsh conditions and often pioneer species Mycorrhizae – associations of fungi and plant roots Mycorrhizae – associations of fungi and plant roots –Essential for the growth of many plants; may be very specialized In both cases, the fungus gets food (organic cmpds), while providing protection or water and nutrients through absorption In both cases, the fungus gets food (organic cmpds), while providing protection or water and nutrients through absorption