1. Chapter 19-1 The Oceans

2. World Oceans World Ocean – body of salt water covering much of the Earth’s surface Ocean – major body of salt water Sea – smaller body of salt water Gulf – body of salt water almost surrounded by a land mass and connected to an ocean Bay – smaller body of salt water surrounded by a land mass and connected to an ocean * 75% of the Earth’s surface is covered by water

3. World Oceans Pacific Ocean *more than half the volume of the world’s ocean water *noted as the deepest and largest; averages 4.3 km deep Atlantic Ocean *second largest ocean; averages 3.3 km deep Indian Ocean *third largest ocean; averages 3.8 km deep Southern Ocean * Extends from Antarctica to 60 ⁰ south latitude Arctic Ocean *Smallest ocean which surrounds the North Pole.

4. http://www.biosbcc.net/ocean/marinesci/01intro/woimg/oceans.jpg

5. Oceanography Oceanography – study of the Earth’s oceans Matthew Maury- (1855) naval officer who recorded ocean currents, winds, depths and weather conditions through his travels. (Father of Oceanography) HMS Challenger (1872)- British Naval Vessel that measured water temperatures and samples, depths in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. JOIDES Resolution (1990’s)- deep sea drilling ship. Took samples from the ocean floor.

6. Chapter 19-2 Exploring the Oceans

7. Deep sea drilling Ocean floor composition Thousands of ocean floor samples from around the Earth Up to 4 miles deep into the seafloor bed http://www.oceansatlas.org/unatlas/about/research/other/i093.gif

8. SONAR – echo sounding system that bounces sound waves off the ocean floor * SOund Navigation And Ranging Research Tools

9. http://www.ceresm.com/ceresm/sonar/sonar.gif

10. http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/aencmed/targets/maps/map/T041366A.gif

11. Satellite imaging http://www.gismonitor.com/images/20061027/e_46.jpg

12. Undersea Research Submersible – underwater research vessel

13. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/abyss/frontier/im ages/trieste1.jpeg http://www.glencoe.com/sec/scienc e/earthscience/pow/images/bathys phere.gif http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/chan nel/titanic/images/dis_14.jpg Bathyscaph or Bathyscaphe Bathysphere Remote Operated Vehicle (ROV) www.mtsmuv.org/commercial.htm Modern deep sea submersible

14. Tube worms have estimated lifespan of 300 + years Ecosystem depends on Hydrogen Sulfide (H 2 S) energy from the earth. http://edition.cnn.com/NATURE/9903/ 23/galapagosquest/vents.jpg http://www.extremescience.com/images/tubewor ms.gif

15. Chapter 10-3 Properties of the Oceans

16. Salinity – amount of dissolved salt in ocean water

17. Main ions (g/kg) at a salinity of 35 0 / 00 Sodium (Na+) 10.7596 Magnesium (Гg++) 1.2965 Calcium (Лэ++) 0.4119 Potassium ( +) 0.3991 Strontium (Sr++) 0.0078 Chlorine (Cl+) 19.3529 Sulphates (SO 4 --) 2.7124 Hydrocarbons (ХЛ‘ 3 -) 0.1412 Bromine (¬r- ) 0.0674 Fluorine (F-) 0.0013 Boric acid (Х 3 ¬‘ 3 ) 0.0255 http://www.oceansatlas.org/unatlas/about/physicalandchemicalproperties/backgroun d/seemore2.html

18. Thermocline – layer of ocean water in which the temperature drops sharply with depth

19. Desalination – process which removes salt from ocean water http://www.nrdc.org/onearth/04sum/images/saline_diagram.jpg

20. Chapter 10-7 Ocean sediments

21. The Ocean Floor Ocean sediment is made up of; naturally eroded material from land mass – runoff remains of organisms dust and ash from volcanoes dust from space anything falling into the sea that sinks will settle on the bottom

22. Ocean Floor Sediment Nodule – lump found on the ocean floor Ooze – ocean sediment that contains the remains of many ocean organisms

23. Nodules are made up of these valuable elements: manganese (20%) iron (10%) copper (0.3%) nickel (0.3%) cobalt (0.3%) Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2003. © 1993-2002 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.