1. The Brain

2. Parts of the Brain Cerebrum Diencephalon Cerebellum Brainstem
Thalamus
hypothalamus
Cerebellum
Brainstem
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata
Limbic system
Ventricles

3. The human brain

4. Cerebrum Largest part of the brain
Most highly developed part of the human brain
Outer portion: cerebral cortex
Cell bodies and unmyelinated axons
Inner portion: central white matter
Myelinated axons
How parts of cerebrum communicate with each other and other parts of brain.

5. Gray v. White Matter

6. Cerebrum
2 Hemispheres (R and L)
Gyri and Sulci

7. Controls L. side of body Controls R. side of body

8. Cerebrum
Corpus Collosum
Connects two hemispheres together

9. Lobes of Brain

10. Frontal Lobe

11. Frontal Lobe Function Function:
Higher Level Cognitive Function /Executive Function
Judgment and reasoning
Control of voluntary muscle movement (MOTOR FUNCTION)
Including speech and swallowing

12. Frontal Lobe- Important Areas
Primary Motor Cortex
Anterior to Central Sulcus
Controls voluntary movements of skeletal mm.
More area dedicated to muscles of mouth and fingers (use more)
Premotor Cortex
Programming of motor movements (except for speech)
Prefrontal Cortex
Complex cognitive process (reason and judgement)
Broca’s Area
Coordination of motor movement for production of speech sounds. Creates motor plan which is then sent to primary motor cortex

13. The lobes of a cerebral hemisphere

14. Parietal Lobe Posterior to central sulcus Function: Important Parts:
Associated with Sensation
Touch, kinesthesia, perception of warmth and cold and vibration
Important Parts:
Primary sensory area
Receives sensory information from the joints and tendons in body , organized similar to motor area
Somatosensory Association Area:
Detailed discrimination and analysis of 1 Sensory area
***angular gyrus: recognition of sensory symbols

15. Temporal Lobe Function: Important areas:
Auditory processing and olfaction (smelling)
Involved in semantics / word meaning
Important areas:
Primary auditory area
Wernicke’s Association Area: dominant hem.
Understand and produce meaningful speech

16. Occipital Lobe Function: Vision Important parts:
Primary Visual Area: receives input from the optic tract.
Secondary visual area: integrates visual information, give meaning to what is seen,visual memories.

17. Body areas of primary motor and somatosensory areas of the cortex

18. Basal nuclei Masses of gray matter deep in the cerebrum
Integrate motor commands
Huntington disease and Parkinson’s disease – uncontrollable movements believed to be from neurotransmitter imbalances in the basal nuclei

19. Diencephalon

21. Thalamus – “the router”
Function:
Relays sensory, spatial sense and motor signals to cerebral cortex
Receives auditory, somatosensory and visual sensory signals, sorts data and relays it to proper area in brain
Regulation of consciousness
Controls sleep and awake states of consciousness
Sides of third ventricle

22. Hypothalamus Function: Maintaining homeostasis Autonomic control
Integrating center involved in maintaining homeostasis
Regulates hunger, sleep, thirst, temperature and water balance
Autonomic control
Link between nervous system and endocrine system
Involved in emotional responses

24. The Limbic System

25. Limbic System: “Emotional Brain”
Deals with
Emotions- fear, anger, happiness, pleasure
Memories/ learning
Arousal (stimulation)
Several parts above brainstem and within cerebrum
Important parts:
Amygdala: responsible for memory of emotion (especially fear)
Hippocampus: responsible for processing of long term memory and emotional responses
Short term to long term memory and learning

26. Cerebellum

27. Cerebellum Function: Remember: separated from brain by 4th ventricle
Responsible for balance and coordination of muscles in the body
Important in
preforming voluntary tasks (walking, writing)
Maintaining balance and posture
Muscle memory
Learning new muscle skills
Remember: separated from brain by 4th ventricle

28. Brainstem

29. Brain Stem- 3main functions: Damage = catastophic
Conduction of information/relay center:
All information relayed b/n body and cerebrum/cerebellum
Cranials nerves emerge from here:
Integrative function: Control HR, RR, pain sensitivity, awareness, alertness, consciousness, sleep
Damage = catastophic

30. Brain Stem Midbrain: Pons Medulla Oblongata
Response to sight, eye movements, pupil dilation, hearing
Pons
Communication/coordination center between the two hemispheres
Important in arousal and sleep
Medulla Oblongata
Controls autonomic functions
RR, HR, Blood vessel function, swallowing, sneezing