1. Biological Bases of Behavior

2. Located at the rear base of the skull and involved in the most basic processes of life. It includes the cerebellum, medulla, and pons.

3. Hindbrain

4. Covers the brain’s central core. IT includes the cerebral cortex, the cerebrum, and the limbic system, which consists of the hypothalamus, thalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus.

5. Forebrain

6. An imaging technique used to study brain structure and activity. It measures how non-harmful radio frequency signals interact with brain cells and translates them into a detailed image of the brain. It is used to study structures as well as identify tumors or types of brain damage.

7. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

8. A machine used to record the electrical activity of large portions of the brain. Wires are attached to the scalp so neurons can be monitored. Activities of the brain rise and fall rhythmically, depending on a person’s level of consciousness. These rhythms, or brain waves, occur because the neurons tend to increase and decrease their amounts of activity in unison.

9. Electroencephalograph (EEG)

10. 10 An imaging technique used to pinpoint brian injuries and deterioration. During a CAT scan, a moving ring passes x-ray beams around and through the head. Radiation is absorbed depending on the density of the brain tissue. Computers measure the amount of radiation absorbed and transform this information into a three- dimensional view of the brain. 10

11. Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT)

12. Describe four methods used to study the brain.

13. 13 Recording, stimulation, lesioning, and imaging. 1- electrical activity of the brain is recorded with an electroencephalograph. 2- Physically stimulating areas of the brain help determine the functions of the various parts. 3- Lesioning, cutting or destroying part of an animal’s brain, can help determine functions. 4- imaging devices (e.g.- CAT, PAT, MRI, fMRI) provide physical pictures of the brain. 13

14. What are the cerebrum and cerebral cortex and what do they do?

15. 15 the cerebral cortex and cerebrum are the parts of the brain that make us uniquely human. the cerebral cortex gives us the ability to learn and store complex and abstract information and to project our thinking into the future. the cortex, or bark, of the cerebrum is the site of the conscious thinking processes of the brain. 15

16. 16 A small part of the brain above the pons that integrates sensory information and relays it upward. You use the mid-brain when you move your eyes and head to track a stimuli. 16

17. Midbrain

18. List and describe the main functions of the lobes of the human brain.

19. 19 The occipital lobe is where visual signals are processed. the temporal lobes house hearing, memory, emotion, and speaking. the frontal lobes are concerned with organization, planning, and creative thinking. The parietal lobes are concerned with touch, temperature, and pain information. 19

20. When would a surgeon perform a split-brain operation?

21. 21 In a normal brain, the two hemispheres communicate through the corpus callosum. Whatever occurs on one side is communicated to the other side. Some people have epileptic seizures so severe that they have their brain hemispheres separated, creating two separate brains, to lessen the number and intensity of the seizures. 21

22. The nervous system is divided into two parts _______ and the _______.

23. 23 central nervous system (CNS), consisting of the brain and the spinal cord, and peripheral nervous system (PNS), the network of nerves branching out from the spinal cord that conduct information from the organs to the central nervous system and take information back to the organs. 23

24. What is the difference between the somatic nervous system (SNS) and autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

25. 25 The somatic nervous system is the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls voluntary movement of skeletal muscles. The autonomic nervous system is the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls internal biological functions. 25

26. 26 Found in the core of the forebrain and composed of a number of different structures that regulate our emotions and motivations. The structures include the hypothalamus, amygdala, thalamus, and hippocampus. The amygdala controls violent emotions, The hippocampus is important in the formation of memories. 26

27. Limbic System

28. List and describe the parts of a neuron.

29. 29 Neurons have three basic parts. The cell body contains the nucleus and produces the energy needed to fuel neuron activity. The dendrites are short, thin fibers that stick out form the cell body. The axon is a long fiver that carries the impulses away from the cell body toward the dendrites of another neuron. 29

30. What are the functions of the cerebellum, medulla, and pons?

31. 31 The cerebellum helps control posture and balance. The medulla controls breathing and a variety of reflexes necessary for survival. The pons functions as a bridge to interconnect messages between the spinal cord and brain. The pons is also involved in producitng chemicals needed for sleep. 31

32. What does localization of function or hemispheric specialization refer to?

33. 33 The fact that the left and right hemispheres of the brain control opposite sides of the body. The left hemisphere controls the movements of the right side of the body as well as verbal, mathematical, and analytical skills. The right hemisphere controls the movements of the left side of the body as well as nonverbal, spatial, and holistic skills. 33

34. What are the functions of the thalamus and hypothalamus?

35. 35 The thalamus integrates sensory input, working as relay stations for all the information that travels to and from the cortex. All sensory information except smell enters the thalamus. The hypothalamus is located just below the thalamus. It is the part of the brain that controls hunger, thirst, and sexual behavior. 35

36. Who pioneered the behavioral investigation of “split- brain” animals and humans?

37. 37 Roger Sperry, who first became well known in the area of developmental neurobiology, devised a number of experiments to test the functions of each hemispheres of consciousness could exist under one skull, leading to the construction of a map of mental functions. 37

38. Explain how messages travel to and from the brain through the nervous system.

39. 39 Messages travel along the nerves, which are strings of cells called neurons. Neurotransmitters are chemicals that carry the signal across the synapses between the neurons or inhibit the neurons from transmitting. 39

40. Explain the difference between fraternal and identical twins.

41. 41 Identical twins develop from the same egg when it splits and have identical genetic makeup. fraternal twins come from two different eggs and share no more genetic similarities than siblings. 41

42. _______ is the genetic transmission of characteristics from parents to their offspring.

43. 43 Heredity. Offspring inherit characteristics from their parents through the transmission of genes found in DNA. 43

44. Explain how supporters of each side argue the nature vs. nurture debate.

45. 45 nature supporters argue that a person’s genetic makeup determines a person’s behavior, whereas nurture supporters argue that are person’s surroundings, or environment, determine character. Still others argue that a combination of both genetics and environment actually determines a person’s character. 45

46. What are the three ways that the endocrine system affects behavior?

47. 47 The endocrine system is the part of the brain that sends chemical messages called hormones. These hormones can cause heightened emotions, create symptoms of PMS, and make people feel lazy or be overactive. 47

48. 48 Gland that produces the hormone thyroxine, which stimulates certain chemical reactions that are important for all tissues of the body. Too little thyroxine, a condition called hypothyroidism, makes people feel lazy and lethargic. Too much thyroxine, a condition called hyperthyroidism, makes people lose weight and sleep and be overactive. 48

49. Thyroid Gland

50. 50 Gland that releases epinephrine, or adrenaline, and norepinehrine, or noradrenaline, into the bloodstream when a person is angry or frightened, causing heartbeat and breathing to increase, They also heighten emotions, such as fear and anxiety, and help a person generate the extra energy needed to handle a difficult situation. 50

51. Adrenal Gland

52. What role do the genes play in influencing behavior?

53. 53 genes are the basic units of heredity. they are reproduced and passed along from parents to child. all the effects that genes have on behavior occur through their role in building and modifying the physical structures of ht body. Those structures must interact with their environment to produce behavior. 53

54. 54 Under direction of the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland acts as the master gland, secreting a large number of hormones, some of which control the output of hormones by other endocrine glands. They hypothalamus monitors the amount of hormones in the blood and sends messages out to correct imbalances. 54

55. Pituitary Gland

56. ______ are produced by endocrine glands and are distributed by the blood to other parts of the body.

57. 57 Hormones. Hormones have various effects on the body. they affect growth of bodily structures, such as muscles and bones, and influence metabolic processes. Almost all physical differences between males and females are caused by hormones. Hormones also act in the brain to directly influence moods and drives. 57

58. 58 There are two types of sex glands: testes in males and ovaries in females. Testes produce sperm and the male hormone testosterone, important for growth of the male sex characteristics. Ovaries produce eggs and the female hormones estrogen and progesterone, important for growth of the female sex characteristics. 58

59. Sex Glands