1. The Central Nervous System The Brain

2. The Cerebral Meninges

3. The Meninges The brain and spinal cord are surrounded by three membranes together known as the meninges Dura mater: Outermost layer adhering to the skull Arachnoid: Middle layer. Under this layer, there is the subarachnoid space which is filled with fluid. Pia mater: Deepest layer. Adheres to the surface of the brain

4. The Cerebral Meninges

5. Brain – Sagittal Section

6. The Brainstem Consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla

7. The Brain Stem

8. The Medulla Oblongata A bulge on the inferior of the brainstem Alters the heart rate and blood pressure Controls breathing, coughing, sneezing, swallowing, and vomiting

9. The Brain Stem

10. Pons A bulge just superior to the medulla yet inferior to the main body of the brain Relay station for messages traveling… to/from the medulla and cerebrum from cerebrum to cerebellum peripheral nerves to higher brain centers Works with medulla to control breathing

11. The Brain Stem

12. Midbrain Found superior to the pons at the top of the brainstem Relay station for visual and auditory information. Controls eye tracking and visual/auditory reflexes (turning head to meet stimulus)

13. The Brain Stem

14. Diencephalon Sits atop the brainstem and is enclosed by the cerebral hemispheres. Made of multiple structures including the… Thalamus Hypothalamus Pineal Gland Optic tracts/Optic chiasma Infundibulum and posterior pituitary gland Mammillary bodies

15. The Brain Stem and Diencephalon

16. Thalamus Relays sensory messages to cerebral cortex

17. Diencephalon

18. Hypothalamus Helps regulate… Heart rate and blood pressure Body temperature Salts in the blood Hunger Hormone release Sleep/wakefulness

19. Diencephalon

20. Pineal gland Produces melatonin to regulate circadian rhythms (sleep during night, awake during day)

21. Diencephalon

22. Other Areas Optic Tracts and Optic Chiasma: Sends messages from eyes to visual cortex in occipital lobe of cerebrum Pituitary gland: Releases hormones for homeostasis (stable internal conditions) Mammilary bodies: Recognition memories (seeing something and remembering it) Aids in associating smell with memories Possibly helps make new memories

23. Limbic System Overlaps other areas - made of deep portions of the cerebrum, the hypothalmus, thalamus and more structures Controls emotional experience and expression – produces feeling of anger, fear, pleasure, and sorrow Also includes the amygdala (forms memories of emotional events), hippocampus (forms long-term memories), olfactory bulbs and piriform complex (aid in the sense of smell)

26. Cerebellum A large mass located inferior to the occipital lobes of the cerebrum posterior to brainstem. Consists of 2 hemispheres and is composed mostly of white matter covered in a thin layer of gray matter called the cerebellar cortex. Senses, interprets, and coordinates movements, posture and the position of body parts Examples: balance and smooth motion

28. Cerebrum 2 hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum Has grooves (fissures/suci) and ridges (convolusions/gyri) Generally divided into 4 major lobes. Covered in gray matter (unmyelinated neurons) called the cerebral cortex: allows for higher brain functions (ie memory/association)

29. Cerebrum

30. Cerebral Cortex

31. The cortex contains different regions that perform different functions Motor areas, Sensory areas, and Association areas

32. 32

33. Frontal Lobe Association areas (Prefrontal Cortex) function in concentration, planning, problem solving, judging the conesquences of behavior, and personality Primary Motor Area: motor area that directs movement of the skeletal (voluntary) muscles Broca’s (motor speech) area: motor that allows for the formation of speech

36. Parietal Lobe Association areas aid Wernicke’s area in understanding speech (left hemisphere), and also aid in visuo-spatial skills (right hemisphere) Primary somatic sensory (cutaneous or somatosensory) area: Sensory area interprets sensory information from the skin. Gustatory sensory area: sensory area that interprets taste sensations.

40. Temporal Lobe The auditory area: Sensory area that interprets sounds Association areas aid in interpreting complex sensory info (music, speech and text), memory (short and long-term), and categorization

41. Occipital Lobe Visual area: Sensory area that aids in analyzing visual patterns and combining images with other sensory experiences… Association areas aid in recognizing persons and objects.

42. Wernicke’s Area (General Interpretive Area) This is an area where the parietal, temporal, and occipital lobe meet. An important area in complex thought processing – Mostly understanding speech

49. Cerebrum

50. Cerebral Cortex

52. http://brain-maps.com/

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55. 1 – 914 – 191 – 81 – 93 – 919 – 4 – 5

56. 1914 – 19181939 – 1945

58. Synesthesia Test

59. Clockwise or Counterclockwise (from above)?

60. Lateralization …and the split brain phenomenon.

61. Try this… On the next slide, focus on the star in the middle. You will see images flashed in your left and right visual fields simultaneously. Draw what you see using both hands and without looking at the paper.

64. Basic Brain Structure http://normandy.sandhills.c c.nc.us/psy150/frmlobes.ht ml Frontal Lobe Primary Motor Cortex Primary Somatosensory Cortex Parietal Lobe Occipital Lobe Temporal Lobe Cerebellum Brain Stem

65. Left/Right Hemisphere Specialization Analytic thought o Step by step process Logic o Conclusions based upon data and a logical method Language o Understanding and using words Mathematics  Number use, awareness of time, symbols, facts & linear reasoning Holistic thought o Seeing “big picture” before understanding details Intuition o Insight based upon incomplete patterns or “hunches” Creativity o Demonstrative with minimal word use, understanding relationships Art & Music o Putting pieces together to form “wholes” LEFT RIGHT Lesson Outline

66. Clockwise or Counterclockwise? Clockwise: Left brain Counterclockwise: Right brain

67. Hemisphere Motor Control Right side of your brain controls your Left body functions Left side of your brain controls your Right body functions Each eyeball is divided into 2 parts –Right Visual Field –Left Visual Field Right Hemisphere receives visual info from LVF only Left Hemisphere receives visual info from RVF only

68. Vision - Part 2 Left Visual Field is illustrated in RED Right Visual Field is illustrated in BLUE Lesson Outline Split-Brain Discoveries

70. The Corpus Callosum A wide flat bundle of neural fibers connecting the hemispheres. Allows for communication between the cortexes of the left and right hemispheres.

72. Commissurotomy For patients with frequent and violent epileptic seizures, surgically splitting the corpus callosum was the only relief - known as a “commissurotomy” http://nobelprize.org/medicine /educational//educational/split- brain/background.html

73. Split - Brain Phenomenon Over 30 years ago studies of patients with a severed corpus callosum discovered some interesting side effects Roger Sperry & Michael Gazzaniga were in the forefront in utilizing these discoveries to determine significant ideas concerning brain function "The Man with 2 Brains” (click on play video) "The Man with 2 Brains”

74. Split-Brain Discoveries Ability to speak resides almost exclusively in Left Hemisphere (word recognition) Ability to recognize faces resides almost exclusively in Right Hemisphere (Archimbaldo paintings) “The great pleasure and feeling in my right brain is more than my left brain can find the words to tell you.” - Roger Sperry Vision Diagram