1. East Asia—China & Japan 1920s & 1930s

3. Japan Commodore Perry is credited with opening Japan to the outside world Commodore Perry is credited with opening Japan to the outside world Japanese had tradition of borrowing from China, so began borrowing from the west Japanese had tradition of borrowing from China, so began borrowing from the west People were carefully selected to go overseas to study; westerners were brought to China People were carefully selected to go overseas to study; westerners were brought to China

4. Japan began to industrialize… textiles… silks & cotton Japan began to industrialize… textiles… silks & cotton Established the yen (means round object) in 1871, modern banking, land tax Established the yen (means round object) in 1871, modern banking, land tax British—navy British—navy Germany—army & medicine Germany—army & medicine French—army French—army USA—finance USA—finance Modern education system to create literate working & military force Modern education system to create literate working & military force By 1900, prestige determined by education By 1900, prestige determined by education

5. Goals of Modern Japan End extraterritoriality & tariff limitations End extraterritoriality & tariff limitations Military & economic security Military & economic security Gain respect of the west Gain respect of the west Meiji Emperor Meiji Emperor Adopted constitutional government with British parliamentary system with German conservatism Adopted constitutional government with British parliamentary system with German conservatism

6. Selected Timeline 1874—Taiwan/Formosa 1874—Taiwan/Formosa 1879—Okinawa/Ryukyu Islands 1879—Okinawa/Ryukyu Islands 1894—Sino-Japanese War—rivalry over Korea 1894—Sino-Japanese War—rivalry over Korea 1895—gained unequal treaty privilege Western nations had in China 1895—gained unequal treaty privilege Western nations had in China 1899—British gave up extraterritoriality 1899—British gave up extraterritoriality

7. 1902—Anglo-Japanese Alliance… alliance against France & Russia; if either Japan or Britain was at war with one country, the other would remain neutral. If either Japan or Britain was at war against two or more powers, the other would help 1902—Anglo-Japanese Alliance… alliance against France & Russia; if either Japan or Britain was at war with one country, the other would remain neutral. If either Japan or Britain was at war against two or more powers, the other would help 1904—Russo-Japanese War 1904—Russo-Japanese War 1910—Japan annexed Korea 1910—Japan annexed Korea By 1911 other countries ended their unequal treaties By 1911 other countries ended their unequal treaties 1914—declared war on Germany (see Anglo- Japanese Alliance)—took German sphere of influence… Shandong Province in China 1914—declared war on Germany (see Anglo- Japanese Alliance)—took German sphere of influence… Shandong Province in China

8. Twenty-one Demands (1915) List secretly given to China while the western nations were occupied fighting WW I List secretly given to China while the western nations were occupied fighting WW I Coupled by Japanese invasion of German sphere of influence in China… Shandong Province Coupled by Japanese invasion of German sphere of influence in China… Shandong Province Japan demanded (a) China quit leasing territory to other foreign countries (b) Demanded control in Manchuria & Shandong Provinces (c) China accept Japanese “advisors” to help run its government Japan demanded (a) China quit leasing territory to other foreign countries (b) Demanded control in Manchuria & Shandong Provinces (c) China accept Japanese “advisors” to help run its government

9. Response to 21 Demands China signed… had no choice because Japan threatened to go to war with China China signed… had no choice because Japan threatened to go to war with China Britain & US got Japan to remove the requirement for Japanese advisors to help run the Chinese government; part of US distrust of Japan Britain & US got Japan to remove the requirement for Japanese advisors to help run the Chinese government; part of US distrust of Japan Versailles Treaty… Japan given the German concession in Shandong Province Versailles Treaty… Japan given the German concession in Shandong Province Washington Naval Conference… Japan agreed to withdraw from Shandong Province and recognize Chinese sovereignty Washington Naval Conference… Japan agreed to withdraw from Shandong Province and recognize Chinese sovereignty

10. After WW I 1919—Paris Peace Conference Founding member of League of Nations Permanent member of the Council Recognized as a “great power” 1919—Paris Peace Conference Founding member of League of Nations Permanent member of the Council Recognized as a “great power” LofN Covenant—clause for racial equality rejected LofN Covenant—clause for racial equality rejected 1921—end of Anglo-Japanese Alliance Great Britain pressured by US not to renew Politicians in Japan who wanted to use negotiation to solve diplomatic problems were weakened 1921—end of Anglo-Japanese Alliance Great Britain pressured by US not to renew Politicians in Japan who wanted to use negotiation to solve diplomatic problems were weakened

11. After WW I 1921-22—Washington Naval Conference reduced military budget 42% four divisions cut from the Army 1921-22—Washington Naval Conference reduced military budget 42% four divisions cut from the Army 1930—London Naval Conference revised ratio to 10:10:7 continued limitations; added submarines 1937 began construction of Yamato class battleships 1930—London Naval Conference revised ratio to 10:10:7 continued limitations; added submarines 1937 began construction of Yamato class battleships

12. After WW I USSR seen as an enemy… Japan’s government was very anti-communist USSR seen as an enemy… Japan’s government was very anti-communist 1922—Japanese troops withdrew from Siberia (US and other troops had withdrawn in 1920) 1922—Japanese troops withdrew from Siberia (US and other troops had withdrawn in 1920) USA & Great Britain seen as unreliable and untrustworthy because of unequal treatment (not renewing Alliance; naval ship ratios) USA & Great Britain seen as unreliable and untrustworthy because of unequal treatment (not renewing Alliance; naval ship ratios)

13. Kwantung Army Formed in1919; garrisoned in Manchuria Formed in1919; garrisoned in Manchuria Guarded South Manchurian Railway Guarded South Manchurian Railway 1931 Mukden Incident—army took control over all of Manchuria 1931 Mukden Incident—army took control over all of Manchuria 1932 Japan set up puppet kingdom of Manchukuo with Pu-yi as emperor 1932 Japan set up puppet kingdom of Manchukuo with Pu-yi as emperor “With the cooperation of Japan, China & Manchukuo, the world can be in peace.” “With the cooperation of Japan, China & Manchukuo, the world can be in peace.”

14. Kwantung Army Commander of the Kwantung Army was also Japanese ambassador to Manchukuo Commander of the Kwantung Army was also Japanese ambassador to Manchukuo 1930s Kwantung Army became wealthy (and independent of the government in Tokyo) with the help of Nissan zaibatsu 1930s Kwantung Army became wealthy (and independent of the government in Tokyo) with the help of Nissan zaibatsu 1939 there were 900,000 Japanese civilians 1939 there were 900,000 Japanese civilians Japanese investment included iron & coal mines, timber and opium Japanese investment included iron & coal mines, timber and opium Japanese Film about Manchuria http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lzYLJt0kdjw&feature=related Japanese Film about Manchuria http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lzYLJt0kdjw&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lzYLJt0kdjw&feature=related

15. On to China…

16. Pu-yi Pu-yi 1907 Pu-yi on 1907 Pu-yi on the right the right Named Emperor 1908 Named Emperor 1908 Deposed as Emperor of China 1912 Emperor of Deposed as Emperor of China 1912 Emperor of 1932 Manchukuo established Manchukuo with Pu-yi as puppet emperor 1932 Manchukuo established Manchukuo with Pu-yi as puppet emperor Cast Cast of Characters

17. Sun Yat-sen… led the 1911 Sun Yat-sen… led the 1911 Revolution against the Qing Revolution against the Qing Dynasty, which overthrew Dynasty, which overthrew Emperor Pu-yi. Emperor Pu-yi. Created the “Three Principles of Created the “Three Principles of the People” which were nationalism, democracy the People” which were nationalism, democracy and people’s livelihood and people’s livelihood Founder of the Kuomingtang (KMT), or Nationalist, Founder of the Kuomingtang (KMT), or Nationalist, Party Party His base became Canton (Guangzhou) in southern His base became Canton (Guangzhou) in southern China in the early 1920s China in the early 1920s

18. Sun received help from the USSR beginning in 1923 (the Comintern) after failing to gain aid from Britain or the USA. Sun received help from the USSR beginning in 1923 (the Comintern) after failing to gain aid from Britain or the USA. The Soviets proposed setting up a military academy, which became Whampoa Military Academy The Soviets proposed setting up a military academy, which became Whampoa Military Academy 1923 the Soviets convinced Sun to join with the Communists; Communists joined the KMT as individuals 1923 the Soviets convinced Sun to join with the Communists; Communists joined the KMT as individuals Sun died in 1925 and Chiang Kai-shek became leader of the KMT. Sun died in 1925 and Chiang Kai-shek became leader of the KMT.

19. Chiang Kai-shek… Jiang Jieshi was a founding member of the KMT Chiang Kai-shek… Jiang Jieshi was a founding member of the KMT 1924 Sun appointed Chiang as 1924 Sun appointed Chiang as Commandant of the Whampoa Commandant of the Whampoa Military Academy Military Academy Zhou Enlai was Whampoa Deputy Political Zhou Enlai was Whampoa Deputy Political Commissar Commissar Chiang was very critical of Sun’s merger with the Chiang was very critical of Sun’s merger with the Communists Communists 1926 Chiang became Commander of the 1926 Chiang became Commander of the Northern Expedition… the goal was to unite Northern Expedition… the goal was to unite northern & southern China northern & southern China

20. Mao Zedong… Mao Tse-tung… Mao Zedong… Mao Tse-tung… Chinese Communist Party (CCP) Chinese Communist Party (CCP) was founded in 1921… Mao was was founded in 1921… Mao was an original member an original member He was also a member of the KMT He was also a member of the KMT Became convinced that revolution had to be based Became convinced that revolution had to be based on the peasants on the peasants While in Hunan, wrote “Report on an Investigation While in Hunan, wrote “Report on an Investigation of the Peasant Movement in Hunan” 1927 of the Peasant Movement in Hunan” 1927 Focused on peasants, not urban workers Focused on peasants, not urban workers Mass Line… importance of the common people (a) recruit (b) mobilize (c) control Mass Line… importance of the common people (a) recruit (b) mobilize (c) control

21. Zhou Enlai… Zhou Enlai… Introduced to socialism while in Japan 1917-1919 Introduced to socialism while in Japan 1917-1919 1920 went to France; became a leader of Chinese communist group 1920 went to France; became a leader of Chinese communist group 1924 returned to China and was 1924 returned to China and was appointed vice director of the political training department of the Whampoa Military Academy appointed vice director of the political training department of the Whampoa Military Academy Supported the Russian position until convinced that the CCP would be destroyed Supported the Russian position until convinced that the CCP would be destroyed During Long March, became Mao’s second in command During Long March, became Mao’s second in command Zhou’s talent was in building consensus Zhou’s talent was in building consensus

22. Events May Fourth Movement 1919 May Fourth Movement 1919 Founding of CCP 1921 in Shanghai Founding of CCP 1921 in Shanghai CCP members instructed by Comintern to join KMT as individuals 1923 CCP members instructed by Comintern to join KMT as individuals 1923 Sun Yat-sen died; Chiang became leader of KMT 1925 Sun Yat-sen died; Chiang became leader of KMT 1925 Northern Expedition 1926-1928 Northern Expedition 1926-1928 Mao wrote “Report on an Investigation of the Peasant Movement in Hunan” 1927 Mao wrote “Report on an Investigation of the Peasant Movement in Hunan” 1927 KMT purge of Communists from KMT 1927— some use this date for start of Chinese Civil War KMT purge of Communists from KMT 1927— some use this date for start of Chinese Civil War

23. Warlord Era 1916-1928

24. Chiang entered Beijing 1928 Chiang entered Beijing 1928 Chiang made Nanking (Nanjing) his capital; ruler of China by 1930 Chiang made Nanking (Nanjing) his capital; ruler of China by 1930 KMT continued attempt to eliminate Communists from China 1927-1933 KMT continued attempt to eliminate Communists from China 1927-1933 Muken Incident 1931—Japan took over Manchuria Muken Incident 1931—Japan took over Manchuria Chinese Soviet Republic set up in Kiangsi 1931 as a “democratic dictatorship of the proletariat & peasantry” Chinese Soviet Republic set up in Kiangsi 1931 as a “democratic dictatorship of the proletariat & peasantry”

25. Japanese bombed Shanghai 1932 Japanese bombed Shanghai 1932 Manchukuo set up with Pu-yi as puppet emperor 1932 Manchukuo set up with Pu-yi as puppet emperor 1932 L of N Lytton Report condemned Japanese for taking Manchuria; Japan left L of N 1933 L of N Lytton Report condemned Japanese for taking Manchuria; Japan left L of N 1933 Long March 1934-1936 Long March 1934-1936 By 1935 Mao was in control of the CCP By 1935 Mao was in control of the CCP Sian (Xian) Incident 1936 Sian (Xian) Incident 1936

26. Marco Polo Bridge Incident 1937—official start of WW II in Asia Marco Polo Bridge Incident 1937—official start of WW II in Asia USSR-Chinese (ROC) Non-Aggression Pact 1937 USSR-Chinese (ROC) Non-Aggression Pact 1937 Nanking Massacre & Japanese take over of Nanking 1937; Chiang moved his government west, eventually settling in Chungking Nanking Massacre & Japanese take over of Nanking 1937; Chiang moved his government west, eventually settling in Chungking

27. Prelude to War in Asia 1930 London Naval Conference; made some changes to the Washington Naval Conference; continued idea of limiting ship construction and avoiding naval race; attended by UK, USA, France, Japan, Italy 1930 London Naval Conference; made some changes to the Washington Naval Conference; continued idea of limiting ship construction and avoiding naval race; attended by UK, USA, France, Japan, Italy

28. Prelude to War in Asia Japanese army believed that Chiang Kai-shek’s Northern Expedition (1926-1928) was a threat to Japanese security Japanese army believed that Chiang Kai-shek’s Northern Expedition (1926-1928) was a threat to Japanese security Anti-foreign/nationalistic feelings were very high Anti-foreign/nationalistic feelings were very high Result was a boycott of Japanese goods Result was a boycott of Japanese goods The Mukden Incident increased the intensity of the Chinese boycott of Japanese goods… Japanese imports into China dropped to 1/6 of their former value The Mukden Incident increased the intensity of the Chinese boycott of Japanese goods… Japanese imports into China dropped to 1/6 of their former value

29. Prelude to War in Asia— Manchurian or Mukden Incident 1931—Japan took control of Manchuria 1931—Japan took control of Manchuria Manchuria was an important industrial area; hoped Japanese would move there to alleviate population problems in Japan; also important as a defense against the Soviet Union; military goods were manufactured for the army; rice & cotton from Manchuria were used to take care of the army Manchuria was an important industrial area; hoped Japanese would move there to alleviate population problems in Japan; also important as a defense against the Soviet Union; military goods were manufactured for the army; rice & cotton from Manchuria were used to take care of the army http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5D9VZH5Fi_4&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5D9VZH5Fi_4&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5D9VZH5Fi_4&feature=related

30. 1932 Japanese planes bombed Shanghai WITH consent of the Japanese Emperor and Chiang Kai-shek; in response to Chinese boycott of Japanese goods; Japanese nationals in Shanghai “feared for their lives” Japanese planes bombed Shanghai WITH consent of the Japanese Emperor and Chiang Kai-shek; in response to Chinese boycott of Japanese goods; Japanese nationals in Shanghai “feared for their lives” Japanese announced recognition of “Manchukuo” Japanese announced recognition of “Manchukuo” Lytton Report made public in October Lytton Report made public in October

31. Lytton Commission Headed by the Earl of Lytton of the UK Headed by the Earl of Lytton of the UK The other members were from the US, Italy, Germany & France The other members were from the US, Italy, Germany & France In addition, they were aided by experts from Holland, Canada, US & France In addition, they were aided by experts from Holland, Canada, US & France 1932 fact-finding mission spent 6 weeks in Manchuria, interviewed people 1932 fact-finding mission spent 6 weeks in Manchuria, interviewed people Also talked with officials in Japan & China Also talked with officials in Japan & China

32. Lytton Commission In a report to the House of Lords, Lytton reported that the group saw themselves as working for the LofN, not their own individual governments In a report to the House of Lords, Lytton reported that the group saw themselves as working for the LofN, not their own individual governments The commission believed they were “explorers for peace”, not judges of the situation The commission believed they were “explorers for peace”, not judges of the situation In addition to looking for the truth of the Incident, the commission saw as its task “to find, if we could, what were the conditions that would ensure peace in the future” In addition to looking for the truth of the Incident, the commission saw as its task “to find, if we could, what were the conditions that would ensure peace in the future” Lytton Commission Report before the House of Lords 1932 Lytton Commission Report before the House of Lords 1932

33. Lytton Commission Recommendations The recommendations fall into two groups… status of Manchuria and relations between China & Japan The recommendations fall into two groups… status of Manchuria and relations between China & Japan Manchuria should be autonomous within China; China should appoint the head of Manchuria to be advised by foreign advisors, some of them Japanese Manchuria should be autonomous within China; China should appoint the head of Manchuria to be advised by foreign advisors, some of them Japanese

34. Lytton Commission Recommendations China & Japan were advised to sign three new treaties: China & Japan were advised to sign three new treaties: Define Japan’s rights or interests Define Japan’s rights or interests “Treaty of Conciliation & Arbitration, Non- Aggression and Mutual Assistance “Treaty of Conciliation & Arbitration, Non- Aggression and Mutual Assistance Commercial Treaty to end the boycotts Commercial Treaty to end the boycotts Time Magazine “Japan-China: Five Wise Westerners” Oct. 10, 1932 Time Magazine “Japan-China: Five Wise Westerners” Oct. 10, 1932

35. Japan withdrew from the League of Nations (1933) after the Lytton Report condemned Japanese invasion of Manchuria & demanded Japan withdraw Japan withdrew from the League of Nations (1933) after the Lytton Report condemned Japanese invasion of Manchuria & demanded Japan withdraw 1935 Second London Naval Conference; Japan withdrew when the US and UK rejected Japanese demands for equality in naval power; by 1938 all powers were constructing naval ships in violation of the naval agreements 1935 Second London Naval Conference; Japan withdrew when the US and UK rejected Japanese demands for equality in naval power; by 1938 all powers were constructing naval ships in violation of the naval agreements

36. Sian (Xian) Incident 1936 Manchurian warlord and KMT general, Zhang Xueliang, captured Chiang Kai-shek Manchurian warlord and KMT general, Zhang Xueliang, captured Chiang Kai-shek Generals Zhang & Yang Hucheng both opposed Chiang’s policy of non-resistance toward the Japanese, instead concentrating on fighting Mao & communists Generals Zhang & Yang Hucheng both opposed Chiang’s policy of non-resistance toward the Japanese, instead concentrating on fighting Mao & communists Zhou Enlai went to Sian to represent the CCP Zhou Enlai went to Sian to represent the CCP Chiang was forced to agree to a United Front to fight the Japanese and allow the CCP to join in the fight against the Japanese Chiang was forced to agree to a United Front to fight the Japanese and allow the CCP to join in the fight against the Japanese

37. Marco Polo Bridge Incident (July 1937); resulted in full-scale attack on Beijing; beginning of Second Sino-Japanese War Marco Polo Bridge Incident (July 1937); resulted in full-scale attack on Beijing; beginning of Second Sino-Japanese War

38. Prelude to World War II US involvement 1940 US partial oil embargo; shortage led to decision to take over Indonesia & plan attack on US 1940 US partial oil embargo; shortage led to decision to take over Indonesia & plan attack on US Invasion of northern IndoChina Invasion of northern IndoChina 1940 Tripartite Pact with Germany & Italy 1940 Tripartite Pact with Germany & Italy 1941 Neutrality Pact with USSR 1941 Neutrality Pact with USSR July 1941 US full oil embargo and freeze of Japanese assets July 1941 US full oil embargo and freeze of Japanese assets

39. Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor Dec. 1941 brought US into World War II Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor Dec. 1941 brought US into World War II

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