1. WHS AP Psychology Unit 12: Social Psychology Essential Task 12-5: Describe processes that contribute to differential treatment of group members with specific attention to attraction, altruism, aggression, in-group/out- group dynamics, ethnocentrism, prejudice.

2. Unit 12: Social Psychology Unit 12: Social Psychology Attribution Attitudes and Persuasion Impact of Others on You Group Behavior Fundamental Attribution Error Self-Serving Bias Just-World Hypothesis Individualistic vs. Collectivistic Culture Schema ConformityCompliance Group Polarization Group Think In- Group/Out- Group Attraction Cognitive Dissonance Routes to Persuasion We are here

3. Essential Task 12-5: Outline Treatment of Group Members In group bias Out group bias Altruism Ethnocentrism Attraction Intimacy Proximity Similarity Exchange Physical Attractiveness

4. Interpersonal Attraction Attraction is closely linked to 1.Proximity 2.Physical attractiveness 3.Similarity 4.Exchange 5.Intimacy

5. Psychology of Attraction 1.Proximity: Geographic nearness is a powerful predictor of friendship. Repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases their attraction (mere exposure effect). A rare white penguin born in a zoo was accepted after 3 weeks by other penguins just due to proximity. Rex USA

6. Proximity leads to liking Moreland & Beach, 1992 IV: Four female confederates attended large class 0, 5, 10, or 15 times DV: How much liked slides of confederate at end of semester Results: The more times confederate attended the class, the more she was liked.

7. Proximity leads to liking

8. Psychology of Attraction 2.Physical Attractiveness: Once proximity affords contact, the next most important thing in attraction is physical appearance. Hatfield et al. (1966) Couples randomly paired at “computer dance” Assessed personality, aptitude, physical attractiveness Results: Only physical attractiveness predicted liking and wanting to see the person again. (True for men and women.)

9. Attractiveness Halo Effect –bias in which an observer's overall impression of a person, influences the observer's feelings and thoughts about that entity's character or properties. –If you perceive somebody to be attractive you are more likely to view that somebody as being positive.

10. Physical attractiveness Bias to like children who are attractive Dion (1972) IV: mild vs. severe misbehavior IV: attractive or unattractive photo of child DV: Rate typicality of behavior Results: Severe misbehavior rated more typical when performed by an ___________child than an __________child.

12. Is attractiveness objective? Arguments for Objective Standard High consensus across countries, race/ethnicities –Agree on attractiveness of faces and body types (F: hourglass; M: v-shaped) Particular features are associated with attractiveness –F: large eyes, prominent cheekbones, small nose, wide smile –M: broad jaw, large eyes, prominent cheekbones, wide smile Babies look longer at faces rated as attractive by adults. (less likely to be affected by cultural standards

14. Psychical Symmetry

15. Hip-to-waist ratio –Women work out their lower body –May hint their fertility Broader shoulder –Men workout their upper body –May hint their health

16. Is attractiveness subjective? Arguments for Subjective Standard Cross-cultural differences in ways to look beautiful –Face painting, plastic surgery, scarring, piercings, etc. –Variations in preference for female body size

17. Subjective? Standards of beauty within a culture change over time –Marilyn Monroe versus Gwenyth Paltrow

18. Attractiveness Standards Probably both universal and variable components of attractiveness Overall, physical attractiveness predicts more positive evaluations (true in childhood and later in life)

19. Psychology of Attraction 3.Similarity: Similar views among individuals causes the bond of attraction to strengthen. Homogamy – tendency to marry someone who is like us in almost everyway. Like attracts like! Opposites don’t attract! – they don’t even meet! Finding others who agree with us strengthens our convictions and boosts our self-esteem Complementary Traits – you complete me

20. Psychology of Attraction 4. Exchange: The give and take of a relationship. Social Exchange theory explains how we feel about a relationship with another person as depending on our perceptions of: –The balance between what we put into the relationship and what we get out of it. –The kind of relationship we deserve. –Contrast Effect – seeing something ‘better’ makes us temporarily devalue what we’ve got

21. What is being exchanged?

22. Psychology of Attraction 5. Intimacy: closeness and trust achieved through communication Must be mutual Can’t be too much too soon

23. Pairing Game Matching Hypothesis or Similarity Principle Contrast Effect Social Exchange Theory Commitment can override the preference for alternatives.

24. Matching in physical attractiveness People tend to pair with partners who are about as physically attractive as they are. Predicts success of relationship (more similar in attractiveness, more likely to stay together) However, women who marry less attractive men are shown to rate their marriage as more satisfying.

25. Why we help : Altruism Altruism refers to actions designed to help others with no obvious benefit to the helper –unselfish behaviors or actions done for someone else. –Egotistic model – helping that’s motivated by anticipated gain –Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis – Helping because of empathy for someone in need

26. Person in Distress Internal ResponseMotivationBehavior Distress (Anxiety, Annoyance, Unpleasantness) Egoistic Motivation: Reduce anxiety and increase reciprocity Helping Empathy (Concerned and compassion for other person) Altruistic Motivation: (Reduce Other’s Distress) Helping

27. Altruism Equity: A condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give. Self-Disclosure: Revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others.

28. The Norms for Helping Social Exchange Theory: Our social behavior is an exchange process. The aim is to maximize benefits and minimize costs.  Reciprocity Norm: The expectation that we should return help and not harm those who have helped us.  Social–Responsibility Norm: Largely learned, it is a norm that tells us to help others when they need us even though they may not repay us.

29. Ethnocentrism Ethnocentrism is a belief that your society, group, or culture is superior to others. This can mean that differences in groups are seen as somehow bad. Example: ‘Merica Mexican Border

30. OA 1. Define: Prejudice Stereotype Discrimination 2. Give me an example of Stereotype and Discrimination

31. Prejudice Simply called “prejudgment,” a prejudice is an unjustifiable (usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice is often directed towards different cultural, ethnic, or gender groups. 1.Beliefs (stereotypes) 2.Emotions (hostility, envy, fear) 3.Predisposition to act (discrimination) Components of Prejudice

32. Reign of Prejudice Prejudice works at the conscious and [more at] the unconscious level. Therefore, prejudice is more like a knee-jerk response than a conscious decision.

33. How Prejudiced are People? Over the duration of time many prejudices against interracial marriage, gender, homosexuality, and minorities have decreased.

34. Racial & Gender Prejudice Americans today express much less racial and gender prejudice, but prejudices still exist.

35. Race Nine out of ten white respondents were slow when responding to words like “peace” or “paradise” when they saw a black individual’s photo compared to a white individual’s photo (Hugenberg & Bodenhausen, 2003).

36. Social Roots of Prejudice Why does prejudice arise? 1.Social Inequalities 2.Social Divisions 3.Emotional Scapegoating 4.Need to categorize

37. Social Inequality Prejudice develops when people have money, power, and prestige, and others do not. Social inequality increases prejudice.

38. Social Divisions Ingroup: People with whom one shares a common identity. Outgroup: Those perceived as different from one’s ingroup. Ingroup Bias: The tendency to favor one’s own group. Scotland’s famed “Tartan Army” fans. Mike Hewitt/ Getty Images

39. Emotional Roots of Prejudice Prejudice provides an outlet for anger [emotion] by providing someone to blame. After 9/11 many people lashed out against innocent Arab-Americans.

40. Cognitive Roots of Prejudice One way we simplify our world is to categorize. We categorize people into groups by stereotyping them. Foreign sunbathers may think Balinese look alike. Michael S. Yamashita/ Woodfin Camp Associates

41. Cognitive Roots of Prejudice In vivid cases such as the 9/11 attacks, terrorists can feed stereotypes or prejudices (terrorism). Most terrorists are non-Muslims.

42. Sources of Prejudice Frustration-aggression theory –People who are frustrated in their goals may turn their anger away from the proper target toward another, less powerful target. (Scapegoat) Authoritarian personality –Personality pattern characterized by rigid conventionality, exaggerated respect for authority, and hostility toward those who defy social norms Just world phenomenon –The tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get Racism –Prejudice and discrimination directed at particular racial group

43. We shall overcome Recategorize – expand a schema to see how it relates to others. Not protestant vs. Catholic but instead both under Christianity. Controlled Processing – purposefully putting on their shoes. Method to learn tolerance Increase contact between groups. –Equal status –One-on-one contact –Come together to cooperate, not compete –Should not be contrived