1. Personality- A person’s pattern of thinking, feeling and acting, the study of who we are and how we got that way. Objective: to identify different views on the formation of personality by examining the different personality theorists Do Now : pick up notes and handouts, complete 14-3

2. Types of Personalities Type A Feel time pressure. Easily angered. Competitive and ambitious. Work hard and play hard. More prone to heart disease than rest of population. Type B Relaxed and easygoing. But some people fit in neither type.

3. Both character and temperament are vital parts of personality character Refers to value judgments made about a person’s moral or ethical behavior temperament Enduring characteristics with which each person is born, such as irritability or adaptability, based on one’s biology, either thru genetic influences, prenatal influences or a combination of both

4. Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality Fathered by Sigmund Freud. Idea of the Libido moving to different parts of our body. Stages of Psycho-Sexual Development 1.Oral 2.Anal 3.Phallic 4.Latent 5.Genital Sigmund Freud

5. Psychosexual Stages See chart 11.1 on the back of the blank personality theory chart “Fight for Kisses” http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=fight+for+the+right+for+kisses+razor+commerical&FORM=VIRE2#view=detail&mid=8ACA3755825E4DA975968ACA3755825E4DA97596

6. Our Personality Conscious- things we are aware of. Preconscious- things we can be aware of if we think of them. Unconscious- deep hidden reservoir that holds the true “us”. All of our desires and fears.

7. Freud’s Concept of Personality (Psyche) Id Ego Superego

8. Id Exists entirely in the unconscious (so we are never aware of it). Our hidden true animalistic wants and desires. Works on the Pleasure Principle Avoid Pain and receive Instant Gratification.

9. Ego Develops after the Id Works on the Reality Principle Negotiates between the Id and the environment. In our conscious and unconscious minds. It is what everyone sees as our personality. If you want to be with someone. Your id says just take them, but your ego does not want to end up in jail. So you ask her out and just follow the social rules of dating.

10. Superego Develops last at about the age of 5 It is our conscience (what we think the difference is between right and wrong) The Ego often mediates between the superego and id.

11. Defense Mechanisms The ego has a pretty important job…and that is to protect you from threatening thoughts in our unconscious. One way it protects us is through defense mechanisms. You are usually unaware that they are even occurring.

12. Scenario Quarterback of the high school football team, Brandon, is dating Jasmine. Jasmine dumps Brandon and starts dating Drew, president of the chess club. Drew Brandon Jasmine

13. Repression Pushing thoughts into our unconscious. When asked about Jasmine, Brandon may say “Who?, I have not thought about her for awhile.” Why don’t we remember our Oedipus and Electra complexes?

14. Denial Not accepting the ego-threatening truth. Brandon may act like he is still together with Jasmine. He may hang out by her locker and plan dates with her.

15. Displacement Redirecting one’s feelings toward another person or object. Often displaced on less threatening things. Brandon may take his anger out on another kid by bullying.

16. Projection Believing that the feelings one has toward someone else are actually held by the other person and directed at oneself. Brandon insists that Jasmine still cares for him.

17. Reaction Formation Expressing the opposite of how one truly feels. Cootie stage in Freud’s Latent Development. Brandon claims he hates Jasmine.

18. Regression Returning to an earlier, comforting form of behavior. Brandon begins to sleep with his favorite childhood stuffed animal, Beary.

19. Rationalization Coming up with a beneficial result of an undesirable outcome. Brandon thinks he will find a better girlfriend. “Jasmine was not all that hot anyway!” I really did want to go to ……..anyway, it was too ……

20. Intellectualization a 'flight into reason', where the person avoids uncomfortable emotions by focusing on facts and logic or undertakes an academic, unemotional study of a topic. In our example, Brandon starts doing a research paper on failed teenage romances.

21. Sublimation Channeling one’s frustration toward a different goal. Sometimes a healthy defense mechanism. Brandon starts to learn how to play the guitar and writing songs (or maybe starts to body build).

22. Criticisms of Freud He really only studied wealthy woman in Austria. His results are not empirically verifiable (really hard to test). No predictive power. Karen Horney(Horn-eye) said he was sexist with the “penis envy” and there is an actual “womb envy”. Also, she said children have basic anxiety because the world is so big and they so small, good parenting can overcome but if not then they will develop neurotic personalities. Other weakness: Page 489 in Module

23. Some more Neo-Freudians and the Psychodynamic Theories Eric Erickson – there are developmental stages but psychosocial stages instead, identity crisis can develop. Carl Jung(Yoong) and his concept of the “personal” and “collective” unconscious, symbolic dreams, archetypes(the shadow, animus and anima) Alfred Adler and his ideas of superiority and inferiority complex, also talked about birth order and how it played a part in personality.

24. Carl Jung: lead the way to the Myers & Briggs personality inventory tests with his concept of Extraversion/Introversion http://myersbriggs.org/my-mbti-personality-type/mbti-basics/ http://www.humanmetrics.com/hr/JTypesResult.aspx

25. Do Now: Get out Handout 14-4 on Defense Mechanisms, Module, Notes, and Chart on Personality Theories Objectives: Identify some defense mechanisms, finish up with Freud and the Humanistic personality theories, and discuss some tests to access personality.

26. Getting into the Unconscious Hypnosis Dream Interpretation Free Association (having them just randomly talk to themselves…and then interpreting the conversation). Projective Tests (and test that delves into the unconscious). Examples are TAT and Inkblot Tests.

27. Psychoanalysis Today Couch sitting Still might discuss dreams and use free association of sorts. Transference is likely to happen. The idea is to delve into your unconscious. Pull out Manifest Content. Then talk about the Latent Content.

28. Manifest content – visible story line or part of dream you tell as a story Latent Content – hidden part of story or hidden meaning of a dream

29. TAT Test Thematic Apperception Test Giving the subject a picture that is ambiguous (can have several meanings) and ask them what is occurring. Their answers reveal the manifest content – (visible story line.) They can then discover the Latent Content – (hidden.)

33. Rorschach Inkblot Test The most widely used projective test A set of ten inkblots designed to identify people’s feelings when they are asked to interpret what they see in the inkblots.

39. Humanistic Theory of Personality Do not believe in Determinism (your actions are dictated by your past). They believe that humans have free will (our ability to choose your own destiny). We are innately good and as long as our self-esteem and self- concept are positive we will be happy. Focused on healthy fulfilled people.

40. Maslow’s (1970s)Hierarchy of Needs

41. Carl Rogers(1980s) The object of humans is to become self-actualized. We are like Acorns What do Acorns need to grow? Water sun and soil. Except to grow into healthy humans we need: Genuineness Acceptance (Unconditional Positive Regard) Empathy

42. Do Now: Get out Notes, Personality Chart, and new Module (if you printed one off for yourself), pick up Handout 14-23 and complete survey on Locus of Control, complete 14-22 for Homework and save! Objective: to understand the Behaviorist (social cognitive) and Trait personality theories.

43. Behaviorist Theory of Personality Personality is learned from the environment. Personality is just a set of learned responses or habits. (ie. Shyness is a child’s response to a parent’s harsh style of parenting, they are quiet to avoid negative treatment. Personality changes according to the environment (re-enforcers and punishments). If you change the environment then you change the personality.

44. Behaviorist's terminology Re-enforcers - something that reenforces behavior either positively or negatively. Extinction – when the re-enforcers stops then the desired behavior stops. Spontaneous recovery – when re-enforcer begins again, learned behavior returns again. Can you think of a limitations of this theory of personality?

45. Social cognitive(cultural) theory Bandura: Emphasize the importance of other people’s behavior and one’s own experiences on learning a personality. Observation learning – learn personality by watching others. Modeling – one develops a personality by identifying with someone else and then models their behavior. And other cognitive learning techniques, such as our perception, our perceptions guide our personality. If we perceive our environment as not safe, we may have a fearful personality.

46. Bandura’s Reciprocal Determinism 3 factors determine patterns of behaviors that make up personality. Self-efficacy – a person’s expectancy of the effectiveness of his or her efforts to accomplish a goal. People with high self-efficacy are more persistent and expect to succeed, whereas low self-efficacy expect to fail and avoid challenges.

47. Rotter’s Social Learning Theory Locus(location) of Control – the tendency for people to assume that they either have control or do not have control over events and consequences in their lives. Externals – assume their experiences are control by some outside force, luck, or fate. Internals – assume own actions affect their experiences.

48. Social-Cognitive Theories on Personality External Locus of Control can lead to a state of learned helplessness. (Martin Seligman) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gFmFOmprTt0

49. Trait Theory of Personality believe we can describe people’s personalities by specifying their main characteristics (traits). Traits, like honestly, laziness, and ambition, are thought to be stable over the course of your lives because we are born with them Use personality inventory tests to describe personality and predict future behavior. Surface traits – seen by everyone, (ex. shyness) Source traits – underlying source of trait.(introversion)

50. a.k.a. Biological Theories of Personality What % of personality is inherited – heritability? We are not sure, BUT temperaments do seem to be stable from infants to old age.

51. Be careful of the Barnum Effect (a.k.a. Forer Effect!!!) Every 1 st year Psychology student falls prey to this psych trick because People have the tendency to see themselves in vague, general descriptions of personality. Horoscopes, astrologers and psychics all use this concept. http://www.psychologicaltechniques.com/barnum-statement /

52. Trait Theorist Gordon Allport: said that the same traits can be used to describe all peoples personalities. He came up with 18,000. Raymond Cattell used Factor Analysis to see the clusters of traits, reduced traits into a relatively smaller amount. (200) Hans Eysenck(Eye-zink): design the 1 st model that had opposite biological inherited dimensions; he used to predict personalities. McCrae et.al: BIG FIVE personality traits: (OCEAN) 1.Openness to experience 2.Conscientiousness 3.Extraversion 4.Agreeableness 5.Neuroticism - Emotional Stability Most of the trait theory do not take the situation in consideration: until: ● Walter Mischel: Trait-situation interaction – in which the situation influences the expression of a trait.

53. Assessing Personality Most common way is self-reporting inventories or personality inventories. Get quantitative results. Can predict future behavior. MMPI- Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory- for disorders. Test must be: Reliable- yields the same results over time. Valid- does it measure what it is supposed to measure. No one best personality theory, only needs be Useful in getting to know oneself better.