1. Supplementary Material for Chapter 12 Fire, Pollution and Grazing, Oh My! A Game in which Native and Invasive Plants Compete under Multiple Disturbance Regimes This chapter is published as: Schneider HE, Sweet LC. 2016. Fire, Pollution and Grazing, Oh My! A Game in which Native and Invasive Plants Compete under Multiple Disturbance Regimes. In: Byrne L (ed) Learner-Centered Teaching Activities for Environmental and Sustainability Studies. Springer, New York. DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-28543-6_12 Heather E. Schneider 1 and Lynn C. Sweet 2 1 Department of Ecology, Evolution, & Marine Biology, University of California-Santa Barbara, CA USA heather.schneider@lifesci.ucsb.edu 2 Center for Conservation Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA USA This file contains the following Supplementary material:  E: Activity cards This chapter also has the following Supplementary material, available on the chapter’s website: A: Additional references B: Instructions for the game activity C: Case study background and vocabulary worksheet D: Presentation slides

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3. Native Plant: PURPLE NEEDLEGRASS (Stipa pulchra) Nitrogen deposition + Fire + Managed Grazing + Two-year drought + Habitat clearing - Reproduce! 0 Heather Schneider

4. A perennial bunchgrass native to California. It can tolerate drought by growing an extensive, deep root system that can be up to 20 feet deep. It is called “needlegrass” because the seed is pointed and sharp like a needle and Native Americans used them to teach children to weave baskets. Plant family: Poaceae (grass family) References: Menke, J.W. 1992. Grazing and fire management for native perennial grass restoration in California grasslands. Fremontia 20: 22-25. Seabloom, E.W., W.S. Harpole, O.J. Reichman and D. Tilman. 2003. Invasion, competitive dominance, and resource use by exotic and native California grassland species. PNAS 100: 13384-13389. Steinberg, P.D. 2002. Nassella pulchra. In: Fire Effects Information System [Online]. US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/naspul/all.html Accessed 20 May 2015.

5. Native Plant: CALIFORNIA POPPY (Eschscholzia californica) Nitrogen deposition + Fire + Managed grazing + Two-year drought + Habitat clearing + Reproduce! + Heather Schneider

6. A California native annual that provides beautiful spring wildflower displays. It produces 1000’s of seeds per plant in fruits that are explosively dehiscent (burst open on their own). This is the state flower of California. The species is invasive in Chile! Plant family: Papaveraceae (poppy family) References: Leger, E.A. and K.J. Rice. 2003. Invasive California poppies (Eschscholzia californica Cham.) grow larger than native individuals under reduced competition. Ecology Letters 6: 257-264. Smith, C. 2010. Plant guide for California poppy (Eschscholzia californica). USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service, Plant Materials Center. Lockeford, CA. http://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_esca2.pdf Accessed 20 May 2015.

7. Native Plant: Elegant Clarkia (Clarkia unguiculata.) Nitrogen deposition - Fire + Managed grazing - Two-year drought + Habitat clearing - Reproduce! + Heather Schneider

8. Native annual wildflower that is endemic to California (it only occurs in CA). Clarkia unguiculata has purple pollen and is pollinated by specialist bees, most of which are solitary (do not live in a hive). Another name for this species is “farewell to spring” because it is often one of the last species to flower in the late spring. Many species in the Clarkia genus have been bred for horticultural use because the flowers are so showy. Plant family: Onagraceae (evening primrose family) References: Baldwin, B.G. and D.H. Goldman (Eds.). 2012. The Jepson Manual: vascular plants of California. University of California Press. Print. Mooring, J. A cytogenetic study of Clarkia unguiculata I. Translocations. American Journal of Botany 45: 233-242.

9. Native Plant: VALLEY OAK (Quercus lobata) Nitrogen deposition + Fire + Managed grazing + Two-year drought + Habitat clearing - Reproduce! 0 Lynn Sweet

10. This oak tree is one of the largest species of oaks in North America. It is endemic to California (does not occur anywhere else). Woodlands containing valley oak support 67 nesting bird species, including the threatened Swainson’s hawk. Unlike some California oak trees, valley oak is deciduous. Valley oak can withstand wildfires. Plant family: Fagaceae (beech family) References: Gaines, D. A. 1980. The valley riparian forests of California: their importance to bird populations. In A. Sands (Ed.), Riparian forests in California: Their ecology and conservation: Symposium proceedings; 1977 May 14; Davis, CA. Davis, CA (pp. 57–85). University of California, Division of Agricultural Sciences. Griffin, J.R. 1971. Oak regeneration in the Upper Carmel Valley, California. Ecol, 52, 862-868. Tyler, C. M., B. Kuhn, and F. W. Davis. 2006. Demography and recruitment limitations of three oak species in California. The quarterly review of biology 81.2: 127-152.

11. Invasive Plant: BLACK MUSTARD (Brassica nigra) Nitrogen deposition + Fire + Managed grazing - Two-year drought - Habitat clearing + Reproduce! ++ Heather Schneider

12. Black mustard is an invasive annual wildflower in much of the USA. It is native to the southern Mediterranean region in Europe. It has been grown for thousands of years in Europe and Asia as a spice. It can form dense stands that are near monocultures and outcompete native wildflowers. It can be controlled using mechanical means (hand-pulling) or herbicide. Plant family: Brassicaceae (mustard family) References: DiTomaso, J.M., G.B. Kyser et al. 2013. Weed Control in Natural Areas in the Western United States. Weed Research and Information Center, University of California. 544 pp. Exerpts available online: http://wric.ucdavis.edu/information/natural%20areas/wr_B/Brassica_nigra.pdf Keeley, J. E. 2000. Fire and invasive species in Mediterranean-climate ecosystems of California. In Proceedings of the invasive species workshop: the role of fire in the control and spread of invasive species. Fire Conference (pp. 81-94).

13. Invasive Plant: RIPGUT BROME (Bromus diandrus) Nitrogen deposition + Fire - Managed grazing - Two-year drought - Habitat clearing + Reproduce! ++ Heather Schneider

14. Ripgut brome is an invasive grass in much of the world. It is native to Mediterranean Europe and is a widespread invasive in California. Its seeds are sharp and can lodge themselves in animal paws, eyes and noses. It is a fierce competitor of native annual wildflowers, perennial grasses and potentially even tree seedlings. It increases the frequency of wildfires and can re-establish its populations following fire. It can be controlled using prescribed burning (fire) if the fire is set when the seeds are on the plant but have not dropped yet. It is also susceptible to herbicide. Plant family: Poaceae (grass family) References: Allen, E.B., L.E. Rao, R.J. Steers, A. Bytnerowizc and M.E. Fenn. 2009. Impacts of atmospheric nitrogen deposition on vegetation and soils in Joshua Tree National Park. Pages 78-100 in Webb, R.H., Fenstermaker L.F., Heaton J.S., Hughson D.L, McDonald E.V. and M. DM, editors. The Mojave Desert: ecosystem processes and sustainability. University of Nevada, Las Vegas. DiTomaso, J.M., G.B. Kyser, et al. 2013. Weed Control in Natural Areas in the Western United States. Weed Research Information Center, University of California. Print. Menke, J.W. 1992. Grazing and fire management for native perennial grass restoration in California grasslands. Fremontia 20: 22-25. Seabloom, E.W., W.S. Harpole, O.J. Reichman and D. Tilman. 2003. Invasion, competitive dominance, and resource use by exotic and native California grassland species. PNAS 100: 13384-13389.

15. Invasive Plant: FENNEL (Foeniculum vulgare) Nitrogen deposition + Fire - Managed grazing + Two-year drought + Habitat clearing + Reproduce! + ©Neal Kramer

16. This large perennial plant is native to Mediterranean Europe and highly invasive in California. It is highly aromatic and tastes like anise. The swollen bulb can be eaten as a vegetable. It is in the same family as carrots and dill. It is difficult to remove once it invades because it must be cut down and sprayed with herbicide or dug up and thrown away. Plant family: Apiaceae (carrot family) References: Keeley, J. E. 2000. Fire and invasive species in Mediterranean-climate ecosystems of California. In Proceedings of the invasive species workshop: the role of fire in the control and spread of invasive species. Fire Conference (pp. 81-94). Washington State University Extension. 2008. Common Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare). Noxious Weed Fact Sheet EB2034. Available at: http://cru.cahe.wsu.edu/CEPublications/eb2034/eb2034.pdf

17. Invasive Plant: REDSTEM FILAREE (Erodium cicutarium) Nitrogen deposition + Fire + Managed grazing + Two-year drought + Habitat clearing + Reproduce! ++ Heather Schneider

18. A small annual herb that was introduced as part of the initial settement of the Western U.S., possibly associated with introduction of livestock by the Spanish. It is native to the Mediterranean Basin. It produces copious numbers of seeds, spreads rapidly, and can form mats of vegetation that limit germination and sprouting of native species. It is widely distributed in California. Plant family: Geraniaceae (geranium family) References: Brooks, M. L. 2003. Effects of increased soil nitrogen on the dominance of alien annual plants in the Mojave Desert. Journal of Applied Ecology, 40(2), 344-353. Cox, J. A., & Conran, J. G. 1996. The effect of water stress on the life cycles of Erodium crinitum Carolin and Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'Hérit. ex Alton (Geraniaceae). Australian journal of ecology, 21(2), 235-240. Howard, Janet L. 1992. Erodium cicutarium. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [2015, May 21].