1. Unlocking The History of Medicine
By Judylyn Hobson

2. Primitive Times
Believed that illness and diseases were a punishment from the Gods
First physicians were witch doctors who treated illness with ceremonies

3. Primitive Times Herbs and plants were used as medicine examples:
Foxglove plants leaves
were chewed to strengthen
& slow heart
– Now given by pills, IV, or injections

4. Trepanation One of the first surgeries
A hole was cut into the skull to release demons

5. What do you think?
What are some of the possible complications of this treatment?

6. Egyptians First to keep accurate health records
Wrote prescriptions on papyrus
Physicians were priests
Temples were used as
places of worships,
medical schools, and
hospitals

7. Egyptians (3000 BC- 300 BC)
Embalming led to increased understanding of anatomy and diseases
Embalming: is the art and science of preserving human remains by treating them (in its modern form with chemicals) to forestall decomposition
Was done by special priests, not doctor priests
Gauze used to wrap bodies is much like the surgical gauze used today
Strong antiseptics kept bodies from decaying

8. Egyptians (3000 BC- 300 BC)
Leeches would be use for bloodletting (draining human blood)
Does not hurt because their saliva contains a natural anesthetic (numbing agent)
Their saliva also contains a blood thinner, a vasodilator, and an agent that prevents bacteria from infecting the wound
FDA has recently approved use of leeches as a medical treatment.

9. Leeches in Modern Medicine
Leeches in Modern Medicine. These days, leeches are used to help heal skin grafts -- the process for treating burns in which blood tissue is transferred from one part of the body to another -- by removing blood pooled under the graft and restoring blood circulation in blocked veins. They've also been used in reattaching fingers and other body parts.

10. Ancient Chinese (1700 BC–AD 220)
Religion prohibited dissection
Believed you had to treat both the body and spirit
Recorded a pharmacopoeia of medications based on herbs
Therapies included acupuncture

11. Greeks (1200 BC –200 BC)
Made observations about the human body and the effects of disease that led to modern medical sciences
Believed illness is a result of natural causes

12. Greeks (1200 BC –200 BC)
Used therapies such as massage, art therapy and herbal treatments
Discovered that diet and cleanliness could prevent disease

13. Romans (753 BC – AD 410)
They established the first public health and sanitation systems by building sewers and aqueducts
Treated disease with diet, exercise, and medication
Do you think some of todays MAJOR diseases such as diabetes can be treated with diet, exercise, and medication??

14. Romans (753 BC – AD 410)
Rooms in doctors houses where they cared for soldiers became the first hospitals
Believed body was regulated by 4 humors that had to stay balanced to prevent illness (blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile)

15. Dark Ages (AD 400 – AD 800) Study of medicine was prohibited
Emphasis was on saving the soul
Monks and priests treated patients with prayer

16. Middle Ages (AD 800 –AD 1400)
Bubonic Plague killed 75% of the population in Europe and Asia
Medical Universities were created
There was renewed interest in medical practices of the Greek and Romans

17. Middle Ages (AD 800 –AD 1400)
Arab physicians used chemistry to advance pharmacology
Arabs begin requiring physicians to pass examinations and obtain licenses

18. Renaissance (AD 1350–AD 1650)
Dissection of the body led to an increased understanding of anatomy and physiology
Invention of the printing press allowed medical knowledge to be shared.
First anatomy book by Andreas Vesalius, was published

19. 16th, 17th, and 18th Centuries
Invention of the microscope in 1666 allowed doctors to see disease-causing organisms
Apothecaries led to development of pharmacies

20. 16th, 17th, and 18th Centuries
Edward Jenner developed the first vaccination to prevent the spread of smallpox in 1796

21. Small Pox
For centuries, smallpox killed millions of people around the world. But thanks to global immunization programs, the deadly infectious disease was wiped out in the late 1970s.
Today, scientists keep only a small amount of the virus alive under tightly controlled conditions in the U.S. and Russia for medical research.

22. 19th Century
Formal training for nurses led by Florence Nightingale began
Infection control methods were developed once microorganisms were associated with disease
“Founder of Nursing”

23. 20th Century ABO blood groups discovered
Gained an increased knowledge about the role of blood in the body:
ABO blood groups discovered
Determined how white blood cells protect against disease

24. 20th Century New medicines were developed: Insulin to treat diabetes
Antibiotics to fight infections caused by bacteria
Vaccines to prevent people from getting diseases caused by viruses

25. 20th Century Kidney dialysis machine Heart lung machine
New machines were developed:
Kidney dialysis machine
Heart lung machine
Computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan

26. 20th Century
Surgical and diagnostic techniques were developed to cure once fatal conditions:
Organ transplants
Limbs reattached
Test tube babies
Amniocentesis
Implanted first artificial heart

27. 20th Century
Health care plans developed to help pay the cost of health care
Medicare and Medicaid marked the entry of the federal government into the health care arena
HMO’s provided an alternative to private insurance
Hospice was organized

28. The End