1. What do these images have in common?

3. Sunset view of towering, snow-capped Mt. Everest, from the village of Lobuche (Solu- khumbu), Nepal Sunset view of towering, snow-capped Mt. Everest, from the village of Lobuche (Solu- khumbu), Nepal

9. Plate Tectonics And Plate Boundaries

10. What is the Theory of Plate Tectonics? Earth's crust is made up of plates that ride on top of the asthenosphere Earth's crust is made up of plates that ride on top of the asthenosphere The plates move due to convection currents in the mantle The plates move due to convection currents in the mantle

11. What evidence supports this theory? distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes sea-floor spreading

13. Plates on the Move

15. How does it work? The lithospheric plates “float” on the asthenosphere. The asthenosphere is a solid layer of the mantle that has low viscosity and can flow like a liquid

17. Forces behind Plate Tectonics Slab-pull: old oceanic crust is cold and dense, it sinks into the asthenosphere and pulls the trailing lithosphere behind. Ridge-push: Results from the elevated position of a oceanic ridge system and gravity pushes the lithosphere down and away from the ridge. Slab-pull is most likely the more important force

18. Main Force Mantle convection: caused by unequal distribution of heat within the Earth causing convection currents.

19. Plate Boundaries Three main types Convergent: two plates colliding together Divergent: plates are moving apart Transform: plates are sliding past one another

20. The Crust This is where we live! The Earth’s crust is made of: Continental Crust Granite-less dense - thick (10-70km) - buoyant (less dense than oceanic crust) - mostly old Oceanic Crust Basalt- more dense - thin (~7 km) - dense (sinks under continental crust) - young

21. Divergent Convergent Transform Three types of plate boundary

22. There are three styles of convergent plate boundaries Continent-continent collision= LAND vs. LAND Continent-oceanic crust collision= LAND vs. Underwater Ocean-ocean collision= Underwater vs. Underwater Convergent Boundaries

23. Forms mountains, e.g. European Alps, Himalayas Continent-Continent Convergent

24. Himalayas

25. Called SUBDUCTION- When the more Denser oceanic crust sinks below the less dense oceanic crust. Continent-Oceanic Convergent

26. Oceanic lithosphere subducts underneath the continental lithosphere Oceanic lithosphere heats and dehydrates as it subsides The melt rises forming volcanism E.g. The Andes Mountain Subduction

27. Andes Mountain – Volcanic Mountain

28. - Subduction - Rifting - Hotspots Volcanoes are formed by:

29. Pacific Ring of Fire Hotspot volcanoes

30. Oceanic- Oceanic Convergent- Subduction

31. When two oceanic plates collide, one runs over the other which causes it to sink into the mantle forming a subduction zone. The subducting plate is bent downward to form a very deep depression in the ocean floor called a trench. The worlds deepest parts of the ocean are found along trenches. E.g. The Mariana Trench is 11 km deep! Aleutians Island- volcanic Island Arc Ocean-Ocean Plate Convergent

33. Spreading ridges As plates move apart new material is erupted to fill the gap Divergent- Oceanic

34. Iceland has a divergent plate boundary running through its middle Iceland: Mid- ocean ridge

35. Here’s what you might see if the process of sea- floor spreading was sped up…

36. Divergent – Continental forms the Rift Valley

37. Where plates slide past each other Transform Boundaries Above: View of the San Andreas transform fault

38. The San Andreas fault zone, which is about 1,300 km long and in places tens of kilometers wide, slices through two thirds of the length of California. Along it, the Pacific Plate has been grinding horizontally past the North American Plate for 10 million years, at an average rate of about 5 cm/yr The San Andreas fault zone, which is about 1,300 km long and in places tens of kilometers wide, slices through two thirds of the length of California. Along it, the Pacific Plate has been grinding horizontally past the North American Plate for 10 million years, at an average rate of about 5 cm/yr

39. Most geological activity occurs along plate boundaries Divergent plate boundaries - 1 Convergent plate boundaries - 2 Transform plate boundaries - 3 1 1 2 2 3 4