1. Introduction to Pathophysiology J. Joachim Hightower High School http://www.stoptb.org/assets/videos/hfotb/

2. Objectives 1. Use appropriate technology 2. Explain role of pathophysiology in diagnosis and treatment of disease 3. Explain importance of patients medical history 4. Describe common cellular adaptations 5. Identify precancerous cellular changes 6. List common causes of cell damage 7. Describe common types of cell necrosis

3. Refresher thinker----- Structure –Anatomy: alteration of the structure of the body (physically) Function –Physiology: disrupts the human body functions as a whole

4. What is pathophysiology? The study of the disturbance of normal mechanical, physical and biochemical functions either caused by a disease or abnormal syndrome or condition that may not qualify to be called a disease.

5. And…… processes and how human systems are affected= study of cell and tissue changes associated with disease. –Emphasis on prevention and treatment of disease –What’s normal and abnormal?

6. And…… An alternate definition is: "the study of the biological and physical manifestations of disease as they correlate with the underlying abnormalities and physiological disturbances.

7. Homeostasis How would you know that a patient’s body is maintaining homeostasis or not? ??????????????????????????

8. Blood pressure change Pulse Temperature change Fluid imbalance

9. Therefore homeostasis can fall into an acceptable ranges (not absolute criteria) Can be adjusted based on: –Age –Gender –Genetics –Environment –Activity Level

10. Adaptive Changes Cell injury and Cellular The life cycle of a cell exists on continuum that includes normal activities and adaptation, injury or lethal changes. Adaptation is a normal life cycle What are some examples of body normal adaptations????????????

11. Examples Growth during puberty Body changes during pregnancy and aging process Stressful life style that may lead to adaptation or disease

12. Therefore…Homeostasis The cell constantly makes adjustments to a changing, hostile environment to keep the organism functioning in normal steady state which is necessary to ensure the survival of the organism.

13. Prevention of disease by the body depends on the capacity of the affected cells to undergo self-repair and regeneration i.e. adaptive-changes.

14. Common Stimuli Physical agents Chemical agents Microorganisms Hypoxia Genetic defects Nutritional imbalances Immunologic reactions

15. Our Focus Major Diseases –Prevention (vaccines, screenings) –Treatment –Study of cellular and tissue changes associated with diseases…..

16. Ethics Technology –How far is too far???

17. Pathology Lab Terms Biopsy- living tissue Autopsy- dead tissue

18. General Disease Terms Diagnosis- ID of a specific disease by evaluating symptoms and conducting lab tests. Etiology- Cause of disease (genetic, infection, dysfunction, etc.) –Idiopathic- cause is unknown –Iatrogenic- results from a treatment, procedure, or medical error Examples: bladder infection after catheterization; damage due to a prescribed drug, CHEMO

19. General Disease Terms, cont. Predisposing factors- age, gender, ethnicity,occupational exposure –Once you know these, prevention is easier. Vaccines? Lifestyle changes?

20. More Specific Terms Pathogenesis- the development of the disease or the sequence of events involved in the tissue changes related to the specific disease process. Onset –Acute – sudden/quick –Insidious – gradual/slow Chronic- on-going

21. Sub-clinical – (flies under the radar), no obvious manifestations are exhibited Latent- incubation period “silent period” Most infectious in some viruses

22. Signs vs. Symptoms –Signs= objective (What the Dr. See’s)-felt, heard or seen Ex. Lesions, redness, swelling –Symptoms= subjective (what the patient experiences) not visible outwards to others Ex. Nausea, headache -Syndrome- collection of signs and symptoms that occur together.

23. Examples of each are? Signs:Symptoms

24. Course of Disease Terms Remission- manifestations subside Exacerbation- manifestations increase Example: Arthritis (COULD BE BOTH?

25. Precipitating factors- condition that triggers an acute episode. –How is that different than a predisposing factor?

26. Complications- secondarily arise after initial disease begins but while the disease is still manifested. Sequelae- secondarily arise after disease has gone away.

27. Last bit of disease terminology: Prognosis- likelihood of outcome Morbidity- incidence w/in a group Mortality- death rate Epidemiology- study the occurrence of disease Epidemics- many cases in an area Pandemics- world-wide Prevelance- # new cases Incidence- # new + old (total # cases)

28. Adaptation to Environmental Stresses 2 cellular reactions happen: Hyperfunctioning Hypofunctioning

29. Cellular Changes 6 types cellular changes photo.jpg cellular changes photo.jpg 1. Atrophy- decrease in cell size 2. Hypertrophy- increase in cell size (increase muscle mass due to exercise) 3. Hyperplasia- increased number of cells (glandular proliferation of breast during pregnancy)

30. 4. Metaplasia- one form changes to another (cells look different than before) 5. Dysplasia- cells vary in shape and size –Usually results from chronic infection or irritation –Pre-cancerous cells are detected (PAP smears) 6. Neoplasia= causes tumors

31. HOMEWORK DUE NEXT CLASS PERIOD Briefly describe one new recent medical advance (within the last 2 years), discuss it’s impact upon the medical population. include your source Typed # 12 fonts Double spaced Have page or more…..