1.  African American Responses to the Post- Reconstruction Period 3.5: Evaluate the varied responses of African Americans to the restrictions imposed on them in the post-Reconstruction period, including the leadership and strategies of Booker T. Washington, W.E.B. DuBois, and Ida B. Wells-Barnett.

2. Determination  African Americans were determined to claim the full rights of citizenship that was guaranteed to them by the 14 th and 15 th amendments.  African American leaders emerged who were united in their determination to end discriminatory practices yet divided on the best strategies to pursue.  Strategies that each advocated depended on their own personal backgrounds and the audiences they addressed.

3. Booker T. Washington  Born a slave  Became a leader through his determination and hard work  Founded Tuskegee Institute to provide vocational education to African Americans  Scientist George Washington Carver worked at Tuskegee developing new crops to aid poverty-stricken farmers

4. Washington’s Philosophy  Advocated vocational training to African Americans and employment opportunities as more important than social and political equality.  Full equality was his ultimate goal; however, he knew that blacks who were too assertive would be physically intimidated or lynched.  “Atlanta Compromise” Speech urged Southern textile mills to hire hard- working freedmen.

5. Washington’s Philosophy  He believed that if African Americans could prove to white Southerners that they could contribute to society economically, they would gradually earn the respect of whites and gain social and political equality.  Although he hoped for greater social and political change, his public statements suggested he was willing to accept second-class citizenship in exchange for jobs to alleviate poverty  His views were accepted by progressive whites but criticized by Northern blacks for his “gradualism” and “accommodations.”

6. W.E.B. DuBois  Born free in the North  Attended prestigious schools and earned a Ph.D. from Harvard  Opposed Washington’s emphasis on vocational education by arguing that African Americans should have opportunities for any education that fits their talents  Promoted the idea of the “Talented Tenth” of well-educated African American leaders

7. DuBois’ Philosophy  Helped found NAACP and was editor of its publication The Crisis  Voiced his opposition to Washington and his own advocacy for immediate full social and political rights for African Americans through the NAACP  Militant voice energized the black middle class but was feared by the white community

8. Ida B. Wells-Barnett  Born a slave in Mississippi right before emancipation  Grew up on a plantation where her parents continued to work as sharecroppers  Educated in a freedman’s school  Worked as a teacher and a newspaper writer  Experienced Jim Crow laws first hand when she was removed from a railway car and forced to sit in a colored-only car.  Wrote a critical editorial on segregated schools that caused her to lose her teaching job

9. Ida B. Wells-Barnett  Experienced violent intimidation when her friend was lynched  She devoted the rest of her life to an anti- lynching crusade, which was often met with violence from whites  Helped found the NAACP and strenuously objected to Washington  Left the NAACP because it was not militant enough for her  Supported women’s suffrage

10. Segregation  Schools, neighborhoods, and public facilities continued to be segregated in the North and South  North used de facto segregation (separation by practice or choice)  South used de jure segregation (separation by law)  African Americans were often the last workers hired and the first fired.