1. Endodontic Instruments

2. Classification International Standards Organization (ISO) has grouped root canal instruments according to their use:
Group I: hand use only:
Files H-type
K-type reamers and files
Broaches
Group II: engine driven latch type
Same design as in group I but made to attach to hand piece.
Profile, Lightspeed
Group III: engine driven latch type
Low speed instruments where latch type attachment is in one piece with working part.
Gates Glidden drills and Peeso reamers.
Group IV: root canal points.
Gutta percha, silver points and paper points.

3. According to Grossman [based on the function]
1) Exploring : to locate the canal orifices.
to determine or assist in obtaining patency of
the R C
Egs : Endodontic explorer
2) Debridement : to extirpate the pulp
to remove cotton pellets or paper points
Egs : barbed broach
3) Cleaning &
Shaping Egs : Reamers and file
4) Obturating : For condensation of G.P & to create space laterally
Egs : Spreaders ,pluggers and lentulospirals

4. Materials used:
a) In 19th century carbon steel was used for manufacturing
of instruments.
Disadvantages brittleness of metal, corrosion during steam sterilisation.
b) In 20th century stainless steel was used by Kerr company .
Advantages : It is flexible , less fracture ,less susceptible to corrosion.
Disadvantage: when canal curvature is > 450 it may fracture

5. c) Nickel titanium (nitinol) NiTi__most flexible
Advantages – low elastic modulus, very good elastic flexibility- used in curved canal, shape memory alloy, corrosion resistant and biocompatibility
Dis advantage –expensive , poor cutting, easily fracture, difficult to manufacture and mill.
-it has the ability to recover from plastic strain when unloaded.

6. Hand instruments specific to endodontics
ENDODONTIC SPOON
DG 16 EXPLORER
LOCKING PLIERS

7. Burs for access cavity

8. STANDARDISATION: Ingle and Levine in 1958 recommended. - 3 features
a) Diameter and width
b) Length of cutting blade
c) Taper
D1---1/100th of mm
D2---D1+0.32mm Taper is 0.02mm/mm of length

9. Instrument are numbered from 10 to 100, the numbers to advance by 5 units to size 60 and then by 10 units till size 100
2) Each number shall describe the diameter of instrument in 100th of a mm at the tip ,eg: size 10-tip is 0.1mm
3) The working blade (flutes) shall begin at the tip designated as D1, and the flutes extends to the length of 16mm designated as D2
Taper of the instrument from D1 to D2 is in increments of 0.02mm in width/mm of length

10. So, the diameter of D2 shall be 0.32mm greater than D1
ex: 20 reamer D1 is 0.20mm
D2 is = 0.52mm
Other specifications:
a) Tip angle of instrument----75° ± 15 °
b) Instrument sizes should increase by 0.05mm at D1 between
10 to 60 And by mm from 60 to 100 for increased
instrument selection.

11. White 15 45 90 Yellow 20 50 100 Red 25 55 110 Blue 30 60 120 Green 35
4) Instruments are color coded
White 15 45 90
Yellow 20 50
100
Red 25 55
110
Blue 30 60
120
Green 35 70
130
black 40 80
140
For narrow Root canals- size 06, 08 , are used
pink ,grey purple

12. Broaches : oldest endo instrument
: used for removal of pulp tissue
: used for removal of cotton or paper points from Root canal
Broach
Barb height is large
As the barb comes out of instrument, broach is a weaker instrument compared to rasp
Taper is to 0.01 mm/mm
Barb are Fine and longer
Broachs should not be used beyond middle 3rd of Root canal and also entangle in Root canal and get separated

13. Files Reamer Square c.s triangular c.s Tighter flutes loose spirals
Resists fracture better. Cutting efficiency is times more
Maintains keen edge sharpness is lost rapidly
More number of flutes less number of flutes
Filing and reaming motion reaming motion

15. H- File machined instrument
It resembles ‘Christmas tree’ appearance. [cone over cone]
used to remove loose broken instrument
Circular in cross section.
Spiral grooves
Cuts only when the instrument is pulled
Cuts very aggressively
Used in straight cannels
Less flexibility
Fractures when used in torque motion
science theEdges faces the handle,

16. Group 3- Slow Speed Engine driven Stainless Steel instruments
Gates Glidden drills – safe tip
Orifice opening
Deeper penetration into straight canals
Removal of lingual shoulder
Peeso reamers
Post space preparation
Use safe-tipped to prevent lateral perforation

17. Armamentarum for obturation
Spreaders
Pluggers
Lentulos spirals
Scissors for cutting gutta purcha
Endogauge for measuring gutta purcha points
Tweezer for carrying gutta purcha points
Spreaders
Pluggers
Endogauge
Scissors
Tweezer

18. Obturation instruments
Spreaders- used for lateral condensation made
up of stainless steel and having sharp ends (15 – 45 )
2 types – hand
- Finger
Pluggers- used for vertical and condensation- blunt end
2 types – hand – vertical and lateral condensation
- Finger - vertical condensation
Lentulos spirals: used to carry sealer cements to
root canal

19. Vertical and lateral condensation

20. Thank you