1. © McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All Rights Reserved. Weight Management Chapter Nine

2. © McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All Rights Reserved. Current Trends The National Institutes of Health reports the following: –About 66% of American adults are overweight –More than 31% of American adults are obese –The rate of obesity has doubled since 1960 –At current rates, all American adults will be overweight by 2030

3. © McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All Rights Reserved. Controlling body weight is really a matter of controlling body fat Managing body weight is not a mysterious process, even though it is not fully understood by many people

4. © McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All Rights Reserved. Weight of Americans age 20 and Older (Table 9.1) Percent Group Overweight Obese Both sexes 66.0 31.4 All races, male 70.5 29.5 All races, female 61.6 33.2 White, male 71.0 30.2 White, female 57.6 30.7 African American, male 67.0 30.8 African American, female 79.6 51.1 Latino, male 74.6 29.1 Latino, female 73.0 39.4 Percent of poverty level Below 100%: 63.4 33.7 100%–less than 200%: 66.2 33.6 200% or greater: 66.1 30.0 SOURCE: National Center for Health Statistics. 2006. Health, United States, 2006, with Chartbook on Trends in the Health of Americans. Hyattsville, Md.: National Center for Health Statistics.

5. © McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All Rights Reserved. Health Implications of Overweight and Obesity As rates increased in the United States, so has the prevalence of health conditions, including: Type II diabetes Pre-mature deaths

6. © McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All Rights Reserved. Moderate weight loss can have a significant positive impact on health A weight loss of just 5-10% can reduce the risk of these conditions in obese individuals

7. © McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All Rights Reserved. Factors Contributing to Excess Body Fat Genetic Factors Physiological Factors –Metabolism and Energy Balance –Hormones Lifestyle Factors –Eating –Physical Activity –Psychosocial Factors Other possible factors include: –Fat Cells –Weight Cycling –Carbohydrate Craving

8. © McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All Rights Reserved. Adopting a Healthy Lifestyle for Successful Weight Management Diet and eating habits Total Calories Portion Sizes Energy Density Fat, Protein, and Carbohydrate amounts Physical activity and exercise Thoughts and emotions Coping strategies The following lifestyle factors are considered critical for success:

9. © McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All Rights Reserved. Approaches to Overcoming a Weight Problem Doing it yourself Diet books Dietary supplements and diet aids Weight-loss programs Non-commercial and commercial weight loss programs Online Weight-loss Programs Clinical Weight-loss Programs Prescription drugs Surgery Psychological help

10. © McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All Rights Reserved. Body Image Body image is the mental representation a person holds about her or his body It consists of perceptions, images, thoughts, attitudes, and emotions Media images are linked to a negative body image Different cultures have different ideas of the “ideal” body type

11. © McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All Rights Reserved. Severe Body Image Problems Poor body image can cause significant psychological distress

12. © McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All Rights Reserved. Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is: –Related to obsessive-compulsive disorder –Can lead to depression, social phobia, and suicide –Treated with medication and psychotherapy

13. © McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All Rights Reserved. Muscle dysmorphia is a disorder characterized by a distorted body image that inaccurately perceive themselves as having small, underdeveloped muscles Eating Disorders affect about 10 million American females and 1 million males

14. © McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All Rights Reserved. Eating Disorders An eating disorder is a serious disturbance in eating pattern or behavior, characterized by a negative body image and concerns about body weight or body fat

15. © McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All Rights Reserved. Major types of eating disorders: –Anorexia nervosa –Bulimia nervosa –Binge-eating disorder

16. © McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All Rights Reserved. Anorexia Nervosa Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by a refusal to maintain body weight at a minimally healthy level and an intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat –Affects 2 million Americans, 95% being female –Based on a distorted body image –Consequences result in severe medical complications, including death

17. © McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All Rights Reserved. Bulimia Nervosa Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating and purging: overeating and then using compensatory behaviors such as vomiting and excessive exercise to prevent weight gain –Begins in adolescence or young adulthood –During a binge, a person may consume 1,000 to 60,000 calories –Binge-purge cycle places tremendous stress on the body Research suggests that about 5% of college-age women have bulimia

18. © McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All Rights Reserved. Binge-Eating Disorder Binge-eating disorder is an eating disorder characterized by uncontrollable eating without any compensatory purging behavior Common eating patterns are: –Eating very rapidly –Eating until uncomfortably full –Eating when not hungry –Eating alone This is usually followed by feelings of guilt, shame, and depression

19. © McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All Rights Reserved. Treating Eating Disorders Must address both problematic eating behaviors and the misuse of food to manage stress and emotions Averting a medical crisis by restoring adequate body weight Dealing with psychological aspects Stabilizing eating habits Changing behavior patterns and thoughts Possibly involving medication and/or hospitalization

20. © McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All Rights Reserved. Creating an Individual Weight- Management Plan Assess Your Motivation and Commitment Set Reasonable Goals Assess Your Current Energy Balance Make Changes in Your Diet and Eating Habits Increase Your Physical Activity Levels Put Your Plan into Action Write Daily Get Others to Help Think Positively