1. Groups and Organizations Sociology, 13 h Edition by John Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

2. Social Group Two or more people who identify and interact with one another. Not every collection of individuals forms a group. Many people with a status in common– women, homeowners, soldiers, millionaires, college graduates, and Roman Catholics–are not groups, but categories. Sociology, 13 h Edition by John Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

3. Not Quite a Social Group Crowd –Temporary cluster of people –A group can have temporal status A crowd can become a group, then a crowd again. –A large gathering of people at a football game –A crowd that begins to riot might be considered a group. Sociology, 13 h Edition by John Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

4. Primary Groups Traits –Small –Personal orientation –Enduring Primary relationships –First group experienced in life –Irreplaceable Assistance of all kinds –Emotional to financial Small social groups whose members share personal, lasting relationships. Sociology, 13 h Edition by John Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

5. Secondary Groups Traits –Large membership –Goal or activity orientation –Formal and polite Secondary relationships –Weak emotional ties –Short term Examples –Co-workers and political organizations A large, impersonal social group whose members pursue a specific goal or activity. Sociology, 13 h Edition by John Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

6. Summing Up Primary Groups and Secondary Groups Sociology, 13 h Edition by John Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

7. Group Leadership Two roles –Instrumental: Task-oriented –Expressive: People-oriented Three leadership styles –Authoritarian: Leader makes decisions; Compliance from members –Democratic: Member involvement –Laissez-faire: Mainly let group function on its own Sociology, 13 h Edition by John Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

8. Group Conformity Studies Asch’s research –Willingness to compromise our own judgments –Line experiment –http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B738X- ibz2o&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B738X- ibz2o&feature=related –http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TYIh4MkcfJAhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TYIh4MkcfJA Milgram’s research –Role authority plays –Following orders –http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t2PGnHHnRMkhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t2PGnHHnRMk Janis’s research –Negative side of groupthink Sociology, 13 h Edition by John Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

9. Figure 7.1 Cards Used in Asch’s Experiment in Group Conformity In Asch’s experiment, subjects were asked to match the line on Card 1 to one of the lines on Card 2. Many subjects agreed with the wrong answers given by others in their group. Source: Asch (1952). Sociology, 13 h Edition by John Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

10. Reference Group Stouffer’s research –We compare ourselves in relation to specific reference groups. In-groups and out-groups –Loyalty to in-group –Opposition to out-groups A social group that serves as a point of reference in making evaluations and decisions Sociology, 13 h Edition by John Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

11. Group Size The dyad –A two-member group –Very intimate, but unstable given its size The triad –A three-member group –More stable than a dyad and more types of interaction are possible Sociology, 13 h Edition by John Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

12. Figure 7.2 Group Size and Relationships As the number of people in a group increases, the number of relationships that link them increases much faster. By the time six or seven people share a conversation, the group usually divides into two. Why are relationships in smaller groups typically more intense? Source: Created by the author. Sociology, 13 h Edition by John Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

13. Social Diversity: Race, Class, and Gender Large groups turn inward. –Members have relationships between themselves. Heterogeneous groups turn outward. –Diverse membership promotes interaction with outsiders. Physical boundaries create social boundaries. –If segregation of groups takes place, the chances for contact are limited. Networks –Web of weak social ties, people we know of or who know of us Sociology, 13 h Edition by John Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

14. Global Map 7.1 Internet Users in Global Perspective Sociology, 13 h Edition by John Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

15. Formal Organizations Utilitarian –Material rewards for members Normative –Voluntary organizations –Ties to personal morality Coercive –Punishment or treatment –Total institutions Large secondary groups organized to achieve goals efficiently; date back thousands of years. Sociology, 13 h Edition by John Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

16. Summing Up Small Groups and Formal Organizations Sociology, 13 h Edition by John Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

17. Bureaucracy Max Weber’s six elements to promote organizational efficiency: –Specialization of duties –Hierarchy of offices –Rules and regulations –Technical competence –Impersonality –Formal, written communications An organizational model rationally designed to perform tasks efficiently Sociology, 13 h Edition by John Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

18. Organizational Environment Factors outside an organization that affect its operation: –Economic and political trends –Current events –Populations patterns –Other organizations Informal side of bureaucracy –In part, informality comes from the personalities of organizational leaders. Sociology, 13 h Edition by John Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

19. Problems of Bureaucracies Bureaucratic alienation –Potential to dehumanize individuals Bureaucratic inefficiency and ritualism –Preoccupation with rules, interferes with meeting goals Bureaucratic inertia –Perpetuation of the organization Oligarchy: The rule of the many by the few Helps distance officials from the public. Michels: Concentrates power and threatens democracy Sociology, 13 h Edition by John Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

20. The Evolution of Formal Organizations Scientific Management Application of scientific principles to the operation of a business or large organization 1. Identify tasks and time needed for tasks 2. Analyze to perform tasks more efficiently 3. Provide incentives for worker efficiency Sociology, 13 h Edition by John Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

21. New Challenges to Formal Organizations Race and gender –Pattern of exclusion –“Female advantage” Japanese organizations –Value cooperation –Organizational loyalty Changing nature of work –Information-based organizations –Creative autonomy, competitive work teams, flatter organization, and greater flexibility Sociology, 13 h Edition by John Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

22. Figure 7.3 U.S. Managers in Private Industry by Race, Sex, and Ethnicity, 2005 Sociology, 13 h Edition by John Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

23. Figure 7.4 Two Organizational Models The conventional model of bureaucratic organizations has a pyramid shape, with a clear chain of command. Orders flow from the top down, and reports of performance flow from the bottom up. Such organizations have extensive rules and regulations, and their workers have highly specialized jobs. More open and flexible organizations have a flatter shape, more like a football. With fewer levels in the hierarchy, responsibility for generating ideas and making decisions is shared throughout the organization. Many workers do their jobs in teams and have a broad knowledge of the entire organization’s operation. Source: Created by the author. Sociology, 13 h Edition by John Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

24. McDonaldization of Society Efficiency: Do it quickly Predictability: Use set formulas Uniformity: Leave nothing to chance Control: Humans are most unreliable factor Each principle limits human creativity, choice, and freedom. Weber: Rational systems are efficient but dehumanizing. Sociology, 13 h Edition by John Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

25. Sociology, 12 th Edition by John Macionis Copyright  2008 Prentice Hall, a division of Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

26. Future of Organizations: Opposing Trends Movement toward more creative freedom for highly skilled information workers Movement toward increased supervision and discipline for less skilled service workers Sociology, 13 h Edition by John Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.