1. VADD: Vehicle-Assisted Data Delivery in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks Zhao, J.; Cao, G. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY, 2008 69721046 鄭宇辰 69821025 劉偉榮 69821509 陳惠汝

2. Outline Introduction The VADD Model – The VADD Delay Model VADD Protocols Used in the Intersection Mode – L-VADD – D-VADD – H-VADD Performance Evaluations Conclusions

3. Introduction Multi-hop data delivery through vehicular ad hoc networks is complicated by the fact that vehicular networks are highly mobile and frequently disconnected. Different from existing carry and forward solutions, we make use of the predicable vehicle mobility, which is limited by the traffic pattern and the road layout. Based on the existing traffic pattern, a vehicle can find the next road to forward the packet to reduce the delay.

4. The VADD Model Assumptions – vehicles communicate with each other through short range wireless channel (100m-250m) – A vehicle knows its location by triangulation or through GPS device VADD is based on the idea of carry and forward Although geographical forwarding approaches such as GPSR which always chooses the next hop closer to the destination, are very efficient for data delivery in ad hoc networks, they may not be suitable for sparsely connected vehicular networks

5. The VADD Model (cont.) Find a path to the coffee shop

6. The VADD Model (cont.) VADD follows the following basic principles: – Transmit through wireless channels as much as possible – If the packet has to be carried through certain roads, the road with higher speed should be chosen – Due to the unpredictable nature of vehicular ad-hoc networks, we cannot expect the packet to be successfully routed along the pre-computed optimal path, so dynamic path selection should continuously be executed throughout the packet forwarding process

7. The VADD Delay Model r ij : the road from I i to I j l ij : the Euclidean distance of r ij P ij : the vehicle density on r ij v ij : the average vehicle velocity on r ij d ij : the expected packet-forwarding delay from I i to I j R : the wireless transmission range c : the average one-hop packet transmission delay

8. The VADD Delay Model (cont.) D mn : the expected packet deliver delay from I m to the destination if the packer carrier at I m chooses to deliver the pack following road r mn P mn : the probability that the packet is forwarded through road r mn at I m N(n): the set of neighboring intersections of I n

9. Example Source: I a Destination: I c

10. VADD Protocols Used in the Intersection Mode Select the next vehicle to forward the packet

11. VADD Protocols Used in the Intersection Mode (cont.) Location First Probe (L-VADD) Direction First Probe (D-VADD) Hybrid Probe (H-VADD)

12. L-VADD Given the preferred forwarding direction of a packet, L-VADD tries to find the closest contact towards that direction as the next hop.

13. A Scenario of Routing Loop A simple solution to break the routing loop is to record the previous hop(s) information.

14. D-VADD For a selected direction, instead of probing by location (in L-VADD), D-VADD selects the contacts moving towards the selected direction. Theorem: D-VADD is free from routing loops at intersection areas.

15. H-VADD Upon entering an intersection, H-VADD behaves like L-VADD with loop detection. If a routing loop is detected, it immediately switches to use D-VADD until it exits the current intersection. In this way, H-VADD inherits the advantage of using the shortest forwarding path in L-VADD when there is no routing loop, and use D-VADD to address the routing loop problem of L-VADD.

16. Computes the contacting time( T ij ) The expected time that a packet carrier stays in the Intersection Mode is referred to as the contacting time(T ij ) t i :The length of the signal interval at I i R int :radius of the intersection area

17. Calculate CP ij We assume that the vehicle arrivals at the intersections follow the Poisson distribution CP ij :probability for a packet carrier to meet at least one contact toward road r ij N( T ij) :how many contacts moving toward road r ij can be seen in the intersection area within time interval T ij λ ij :the average rate of contacts leaving I i and moving toward road r ij

18. Calculating P ij (cont.) By using basic probability, we can calculate the probability of a packet being forwarded to road r ij at I i

19. Simulation Setup

20. Data-delivery ratio as a function of the data-sending rate (150nodes)

21. Data-delivery ratio as a function of the data-sending rate (210nodes)

22. Percent of data packets dropped

23. Data-delivery delay (150 nodes)

24. Data-delivery delay (210 nodes)

25. Data-delivery delay (210 nodes, lowest 75% delivery delay)

26. Number of packets generated

27. Impact of data packet size

30. Conclusion Being different from existing carry and forward solutions, we make use of the predictable vehicle mobility, which is limited by traffic pattern and road layout. We proposed several VADD protocols, namely, L-VADD, D-VADD, and H-VADD, based on the techniques used for road selection at the intersection.