1. Concepts of Oceanography Chapter 1 Oceans Exploration
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2. Concepts for Oceanography Chapter 1 Part B
Discuss the early explorations of the oceans
Describe the events in oceanography during the Age of Discovery in Europe.
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3. Concepts for Oceanography Chapter 1 Part B
List some of the major achievements of James Cook
Explain the role of Charles Darwin in Oceanography.
Describe the Challenger expedition and the major contributions it made to marine science.
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4. Early Exploration of the Oceans
Early “explorers” used boats to seek new fishing grounds for food.
The ocean facilitated trade and interaction between cultures.
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5. Pacific Navigators
The peopling of the Pacific Islands required extensive travel in open boats and exceptional navigation skills.
It was difficult because islands are widely scattered.
Three major island groups:
Micronesia, Melanesia, Polynesia
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6. Pacific People
No written records exist of Pacific human history before the 16th century.
Archeological evidence suggests island occupation by people from New Guinea as early as 4000–5000 B.C.
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7. Pacific People
Thor Heyerdahl sailed on a balsa raft – the Kon Tiki – to demonstrate migration of South Americans to Pacific Ocean islands.
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8. European Navigators
Phoenecians – first from Western Hemisphere to develop navigation arts
Navigated circa 2000 B.C.
Explored Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea, and Indian Ocean
Navigational stick charts where used by early Polynesian navigators
First circumnavigation of Africa
Reached the British Isles
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9. European Navigators Greek Pytheas
Sailed northward using a simple method to determine latitude in 325 B.C.
Navigated using the North Star
Eratosthenes determined Earth’s circumference fairly accurately.
Sextant used by early navigators to determine latitude.
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10. Europeans Herodotus produced inaccurate world map around 450 B.C.
Claudius Ptolemy produced fairly accurate world map around 150 A.D.
Erroneously updated Eratosthenes’ original circumference estimation, later causing Christopher Columbus to believe he had reached Asia
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11. The Middle Ages Arabs dominant navigators in the Mediterranean Sea
Traded extensively with East Africa, India, and Southeast Asia
Learned to use Indian Ocean monsoon winds for travel
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12. The Middle Ages Vikings explored North Atlantic Ocean
Settled Iceland and Greenland in 9th and 10th centuries A.D.
Leif Eriksson designated part of eastern Canada Vinland (now Newfoundland) in 995 A.D.
Greenland, Vinland settlements abandoned by 1450 A.D. due to climatic cooling
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13. Viking Routes and Colonies
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14. The Age of Discovery in Europe 1492–1522
Search for new Eastern trade routes by sea
Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal sought trade routes around Africa.
Europeans explore North and South America.
Christopher Columbus was financed by the Spanish to find new trade routes to Asia.
Englishman John Cabot arrived in northeast North America in 1497.
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15. The Age of Discovery in Europe 1492–1522
Spaniard Ferdinand Magellan circumnavigated the globe.
Was killed on a Pacific Island in 1521
Juan Sebastian del Caño completed the circumnavigation in 1522.
Voyages paved the way for the Spanish to take gold from the Incas and Mayas.
Spain’s maritime dominance ended when England defeated the Spanish Armada in 1588.
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16. Voyages of Columbus and Magellan
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17. Voyaging for Science
The English wanted to retain maritime superiority.
Captain James Cook (1728–1779) undertook three scientific voyages.
Ships HMS Endeavour, Resolution, Adventure
Mapped many islands in Pacific
Systematically measured ocean characteristics
Marine chronograph (longitude)
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18. Cook’s Voyages
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19. Voyaging for Science Captain James Cook
Discovered diet to prevent scurvy
Used John Harrison’s Marine chronometer (longitude)
First accurate maps of Earth’s surface.
Killed in Hawaii during third voyage
.John Harrison and chronometer used to determine longitude.
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20. Considered father of physical oceanography
Matthew Maury
Considered father of physical oceanography
Charted ocean winds and currents
His system for oceanographic data recording was adopted and used around the world in developing charts and trade routes
Photo from Wikipedia
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21. Charles Darwin
Gathered natural history and oceanographic samples and data while traveling on a four and one half year voyage on the HMS Beagle.
Photo from Wikipedia
Photo from Wikipedia
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22. Charles Darwin
His Theory of Evolution by natural selection was based on observations made while on the HMS Beagle.
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For more information on Darwin

23. Challenger Expedition
Challenger expedition was the first expedition designed to study marine science.
Voyage lasted four years and resulted in 50 volumes of text called the The Challenger.
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24. Challenger Expedition
Studies included soundings, temperature recordings, and dredging.
A total of 360 soundings were made during the 68,900 mile voyage.
4,717 new species were discovered.
For more information the Challenger Expedition
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25. Oceanography Continues
More high-technology tools available today
Sonar
Robotics
Deep Submersibles
Computers
Satellites
Deepest area of the ocean has only been visited twice by humans in Trieste (top picture) and 2012 in Deepsea Challenger (bottom picture).
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