1. WHII.14 YAY!!! We are FREE!

2. After World War II.... DRAMATIC political changes began to take place across the world, especially in Africa and Asia!

3. Independence Movements British policies and India’s demand for self-rule led to the rise of the Indian independence movement, resulting in the creation of new states in the Indian sub-continent The Republic of India, a democratic nation, developed after the country gained independence in 1947.

4. Independence in India Regional setting for the Indian independence movement Indian sub-continent (India) Pakistan (formerly West Pakistan) Bangladesh (formerly East Pakistan) Sri Lanka (formerly Ceylon) Why was Pakistan created? Religious conflict!

5. Rule in India Britain ruled India Almost two centuries (1700s- 1900s with East India Trading Company) Indian resistance began to intensify in 1939 Were forced to fight in WWII Involvement in WWII Sparked Nationalist movements Mohandas Gandhi launched a non-violent campaign of non- cooperation with the British

6. Leadership of Gandhi Supporter of British independence Proponent of non-violence and passive resistance Practiced and suggested civil disobedience

7. Indian National Congress Indians struggled with the British and each other Two religions: Hindus and Muslims The Indian National Congress (Congress Party) was India’s national political party Most members were Hindus with a few Muslims

8. India Today Modern India is a Republic, and the world’s largest democratic nation (2 billion) Federal system, giving many powers to the states (like us)! Religious Issues Political division along Hindu-Muslim lines — Pakistan (Muslim) / India (Hindu)

9. Indian Democracy Jawaharlal Nehru, a close associate of Gandhi, supported western-style industrialization. 1 st Prime Minister of India! 1950 Constitution sought to prohibit caste discrimination Ethnic and religious differences caused problems in the development of India as a democratic nation. New economic development has helped to ease financial problems of the nation.

11. African Independence The charter of the United Nations guaranteed colonial populations the right to self-determination, including Africa. Independence movements in Africa challenged European imperialism. Characteristics: Peaceful and violent revolutions after World War II Pride in African cultures and heritage Resentment of imperial rule and economic exploitation Loss of colonies by Great Britain, France, Belgium, and Portugal; influence of superpower rivalry during the Cold War Self-determination: the right to decide what government you want for yourself

12. Who Wants Independence? Examples of independence movements and subsequent development efforts West Africa: Peaceful transition to self-determination (1960) Algeria: War of Independence from France (1954-62)

13. Kenyan Independence Kenya (Britain): Violent struggle under leadership of Jomo Kenyatta (Kenya=KENYAtta) 1 st president of Kenya! Took part in the Mau Mau Uprising

14. South Africa  Black South Africans’ struggle against apartheid (“separate”)  Apartheid - system of legal racial segregation enforced by the National Party government in South Africa between 1948 and 1994  The rights of the majority non-white inhabitants of South Africa were curtailed and minority rule by whites was maintained

15. Nelson Mandela Fight for black independence Led by Nelson Mandela  First black president of the Republic of South Africa

17. 1. Margaret thatcher, The “Iron Lady” 1. British Prime Minister, 1979-1990 2. Encouraged free trade and less government regulation of business (i.e. capitalism) 3. Close relationship with the U.S./our foreign policy 4. Assertion of United Kingdom’s military power Ex) War with Argentina over the Falkland Islands

18. 2. Mikhail Gorbachev Last President of the Soviet Union, and was the leader when the Berlin Wall fell in 1989. Two important policies: 1. Glasnost, “openness” Allowed elections and freedom of the media **Beginning of the end for SU 2. Perestroika, “restructuring” Hoped to introduce more capitalist systems in USSR to keep up with the West, like private ownership and stocks. We gotta give the people some freedoms!

19. 1978-1989 Reformed Communist China’s economy to a free-market (capitalist) economy, leading to rapid economic growth in China **Government remained communist! Gotta make that money!

20. 4. Indira Gandhi (not that Gandhi)! Prime Minister of India, 1966-1984 Known for establishing close ties to the Soviet Union during the Cold War. Developed India’s nuclear program

21. The Mandate System after World War II

22. The Mandate System The mandate system established after World War I was phased out after World War II. With the end of the mandates, new states were created in the Middle East. 1. Established by the League of Nations after WWI 2. Granted independence to M.E. countries after WWII 3. Resulted in Middle East conflicts created by religious differences

23. The Mandate System French mandates in the Middle East  Syria Lebanon British mandates in the Middle East  Jordan (originally Transjordan) Palestine (a part became independent as the State of Israel)

24. Golda Meir Prime Minister of Israel (1969-74) After initial setbacks, led Israel to victory in Yom Kippur War (1973)  Egypt and Syria attack Israel on their holiest day Sought support of United States Leader of the Zionist movement: Israeli homeland movement

25. Gamal Abdul Nasser President of Egypt from 1956- 1970, at his death Nationalized Suez Canal Established relationship with Soviet Union Built Aswan High Dam

27. 1.The European Union— Political union in Europe consisting of many Europeans nations Many trade benefits (the Euro) What’s a Euro? Type of currency that you can spend anywhere in these nations!

28. 2. United Nations— Mission: prevent/solve conflicts all over the world

29. 3. International Monetary Fund— Gives loans to developing nations(roads, bridges, industry) in order to help them improve

30. 4. World Trade Organization— Promotes free trade/trade agreements between countries

31. 5. North American Free Trade Agreement– Free trade (no tariffs) between U.S., Mexico, and Canada.

32. 6. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Military alliance--Former Warsaw Pact countries join in 1990s.

33. WHII.16

34. Developed and developing nations face many challenges. Challenges Include: Migrations Ethnic and Religious Conflicts Impact of New Technologies

35. Refugees and Others Migrations Many people choose to migrate because they see a chance for better opportunities Refugees as an issue in international conflicts Refugees= people who are FORCED to migrate because of poverty, war, natural disaster, or persecution Many countries do NOT welcome immigrants because they “take away jobs and services from natural born citizens and can create hostility and discrimination” Migrations of “guest workers” to European cities “Guest Workers” are those who come to a country for work, legally or illegally Since 1945 (end of WWII) Europe has been a destination for immigration to make up for the part of its labor force that was lost in WWI and WWII (mostly Germany)

36. Conflicts in the World Ethnic and religious conflicts Middle East Shiite vs. Sunni (2 branches of Islam religion) Arab vs. American (ongoing conflict in the middle east) Israelis vs. Palestinian Arabs (1948 UN Partition Plan) Jerusalem (sacred city to Jews, Christians, and Muslims)

37. Conflicts in the World Ethnic and religious conflicts Northern Ireland Catholic vs. Protestant 1960s Catholic and Protestant Extremist turned to VIOLENCE and TERRORISM IRA (Irish Republic Army) attacked Protestants while Protestant militants targeted Catholics

38. Conflicts in the World Ethnic and religious conflicts Balkans After the fall of communism Yugoslavia broke apart New Countries: Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia, Serbia, Kosovo Horn of Africa Rwanda faced one of Africa’s deadliest Civil Wars Hutus vs. Tutsis Very similar conflicts occurred in Burundi as did in Rwanda After Sudan gained independence the Arab-led government enacted laws and policies that discriminated non-Muslims and other ethnic groups South Asia Hinduism vs. Buddhism in Sri Lanka Buddhist majority led to a bloody Civil War Truce eased violence in the early 2000s

39. Unequal Access Impact of new technologies Widespread but unequal access to computers and instantaneous communications Not everyone around the world has a computer or internet Underdeveloped countries fall more behind

40. Unequal Access Genetic engineering and bioethics Study of genes and heredity and manipulation of genetic material to produce specific results Helps scientists find new ways to fight human disease “Dolly” Video Clip: http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/14/booming/the- clone-named-dolly.html?_r=0http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/14/booming/the- clone-named-dolly.html?_r=0 Stem Cells Has raised MANY ethical questions about the role of science in creating and changing life! Video Clip: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jF2iXpoG5j8http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jF2iXpoG5j8

41. Developed vs. Developing Geographic locations of major developed and developing countries Economic conditions Social conditions (literacy, access to health care) Population size and rate of growth

42. Impact on the Environment Factors that effect the environment: Economic development Rapid population growth Environmental Challenges: Pollution Loss of habitat Global climate change

43. Social Challenges Poverty Poor health Illiteracy Famine Migration Refugees

44. Economic Interdependence What is interdependence? It means that nations of the world depend upon one another for EVERYTHING! Role of rapid transportation, communication, and computer networks Rise and influence of multinational corporations Changing role of international boundaries Regional integration, e.g., European Union Trade agreements, e.g., North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), World Trade Organization (WTO) International organizations, e.g., United Nations (UN), International Monetary Fund (IMF)

45. Examples of Terrorism Examples of International Terrorism Munich Olympics Palestinean terrorists held Israeli athletes HOSTAGE at 1970s summer olympics (ALL were killed) Terrorist attacks in the United States (e.g., 9/11/2001) motivated by extremism (Osama bin Laden). Car bombings Suicide bombers Airline hijackers Roadside Bombs (IED: Improvised explosive device)

46. How do we react to terrorism? Governmental responses to terrorist activities Surveillance Review of privacy rights Security at ports and airports Identification badges and photos (passports) What is the Patriot Act??