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The European Conquest of the Americas
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Exploration What possible rewards might come from exploring the seas for new lands? What are the risks involved in embarking on a voyage into the unknown?
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Feel the need to explore?
Why did Europeans Feel the need to explore?
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Visual Analysis: de Bry woodcuts
What ONE WORD describes this picture? What does the cartoon say about the motives of exploration? What type of interactions do you see? What do you think the artist thinks about exploration? What view(s) of Columbus does it offer?
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Visual Analysis: de Bry woodcuts
How does the de Bry piece reflect the motives of European exploration? What type of interactions do you see? What do you think the artist thinks about exploration? What is the evidence of his opinion? What view(s) of Columbus does it offer? Honors
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Motives for European Exploration
Crusades by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia. Renaissance curiosity about other lands and peoples. Reformation refugees & missionaries. Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue. Technological advances. Fame and fortune.
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Major Exploration Motives
Economic Motives: Hopes of expanding trade Example: Spices which were needed for preserving and flavoring good Hopes of find precious metals Religious Motives: Natives must be introduced to Christianity. Social Motives: Renaissance: encouraged a new spirit of curiosity and adventure and fostered advances in sailing technology Glory: quite simply, to make a name for yourself
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New Maritime Technologies Better Maps [Portulan]
Hartman Astrolabe (1532) Mariner’s Compass Sextant
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New Weapons Technology
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Earlier Explorations Islam & the Spice Trade Malacca
A New Player Europe Nicolo, Maffeo, & Marco Polo, 1271 Expansion becomes a state enterprise monarchs had the authority & the resources. Better seaworthy ships. Chinese Admiral Zheng He & the Ming “Treasure Fleet”
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A Map of the Known World, pre- 1492
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A Ship’s Rations What would it be like to live on a Carvel for 6 months?
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Major Explorers Explore the Explorer!
Research your assigned explorer with your group. Display your information on the poster provided.
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Impact of European Expansion
What trends do you notice as you see the explorer information charted and compared? Countries? Discoveries? Impact?
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Portuguese 1st to develop/use the caravel and magnetic compass
1419 – Prince Henry the Navigator opened a school for navigation 1420 – explored west African coast “Gold Coast” 1488 – Bartolomeu Dias reached southern tip of Africa 1498 – Vasco da Gama sailed to India and back Generated wealth from the Spice Trade
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Spanish
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Christofo Colon [ ]
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Columbus’ Four Voyages
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Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the World: Early 16c
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European Explorations Looking for “El Dorado”
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The First Spanish Conquests: The Aztecs (1519)
vs. Hernando Cortes Montezuma II
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The Death of Montezuma II
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Mexico Surrenders to Cortes
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The First Spanish Conquests: The Incas (1532)
vs. Francisco Pizarro Atahualpa
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Dutch Exploration 1600s – Dutch East India Company establishes power in the East Indies Controlled Asian trade, operated as governments Power to make money Sign treaties Raise their own armies Dominated Indonesia and southern Africa by 1700
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European Empires in the Americas
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Effects of Exploration
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Impact of European Expansion
Native populations ravaged by disease. Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate. [“Price Revolution”] New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”]. Deepened colonial rivalries.
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5. New Patterns of World Trade
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Conflict between Explorers
The Spanish and Portuguese were afraid that they might claim/conquer the same land so they signed the Treaty of Tordesillas.
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The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & The Pope’s Line of Demarcation
This would give Spain control over the Americas!!
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Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Official European Colony!
Explorers Conquistadores Official European Colony! Missionaries Permanent Settlers
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Administration of the Spanish Empire in the New World
Encomienda or forced labor. Council of the Indies. Viceroy. New Spain and Peru. Papal agreement.
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Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill
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Father Bartolomé de Las Casas
New Laws --> 1542
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New Colonial Rivals
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New Colonial Rivals Portugal lacked the numbers and wealth to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean. Spain in Asia consolidated its holdings in the Philippines. First English expedition to the Indies in 1591. Surat in NW India in 1608. Dutch arrive in India in 1595.
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Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
Middle Passage
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The Slave Trade Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans.
Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans. Sugar cane & sugar plantations. First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518. 275,000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries. Asiento- slave-trading monopoly granted by the Spanish Crown. Between 16c & 19c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas.
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Slave Ship
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“Coffin” Position Below Deck
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African Captives Thrown Overboard
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The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares Creoles Mestizos Mulattos Native Indians Black Slaves
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The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Church Guadalajara Cathedral
Our Lady of Guadalupe Guadalajara Cathedral Spanish Mission
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Why would the 'Columbian Exchange' be considered the tsunami of unintentional "bio-terrorism"??
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The “Columbian Exchange”
Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet Potatoes Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine Cocoa Pineapple Cassava POTATO Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE Syphilis Triangular Trade Trinkets Liquor GUNS Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley Grape Peach SUGAR CANE Oats Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox Flu Typhus Measles Malaria Diptheria Whooping Cough
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Mercantilism The economy and trade are essential to the health and safety of the nation. Get as much gold and silver as you can. Establish a favorable balance of trade: difference between imports and exports. Get colonies.
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Treasures from the Americas!
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