1. Warm UP
1. What basic things do all humans have in common? -list all the answers you can think of 2. What do humans need to create a society?

2. The Beginnings of Civilization
Chapter 1 Notes
The Beginnings of Civilization

3. Chapter 1 Notes
Early humans spread from Africa to other parts of the world and established the first civilizations
As humans spread to other parts of the world they developed different methods to adapt to their new environments

4. Chapter 1 Notes
Anthropologists and Archaeologists investigate clues to understand human prehistory
Where did the human race come from, or how did we get our start are questions often asked by most people

5. Chapter 1 Notes Human Origins
Key discoveries made by Mary and Louis Leakey and Donald Johanson
Hominids
Australopithecine 4-5 million years
Homo Habilis 2.4 million years
Homo Erectus million years
Homo Sapiens 200,000 years

6. Chapter 1 Notes Spreading Around the World
As hominids adapted better to their environment they began migrating out of Africa
Ice Ages caused shifts in climate that allowed hominids to migrate to different areas across land bridges
Examine Migration Map pg. 9 of text

7. Chapter 1 Notes Life in the Stone Age
The first humans lived during the prehistoric period called the Stone Age
Tools primarily made of stone
First part of the stone age is called the Paleolithic Era 2.5 million years – 10,000 years (Old Stone Age)
During stone age people lived as nomads that followed migrating animals
They were hunter-gatherers for food – men hunt, women collect plants and care for children

8. Chapter 1 Notes Stone Age Technology Stone Age Art
Application of new knowledge
Tools
Materials to make life easier
Examples: crude chipped stones, adding handles to tools, stone arrows, spears, string, bow and arrow, bone hooks, canoes, clothing, shelters
Stone Age Art
Humans formed societies by banding together and sharing a common culture
Culture included:
Language –symbols
art – paintings, ornaments
spiritual beliefs - animism

9. Chapter 1 Notes The Beginning of Agriculture
The New Stone Age – Neolithic Era 8,000-3,000 BCE
Advances in tool-making define the era
Specialized tools – drills, chisels, saws
Most significant advance is deals with food
Development of farming radically changes how people live
Shift to farming is called the Neolithic Revolution

10. Chapter 1 Notes Plants Animals
Grains like wheat and barley appeared after the end of the last Ice Age
Domestication of plants and animals – selective growing/breeding from the best plants and animals
Animals
Domestication of animals allowed people to raise livestock for food and materials – meat, milk, skins, wool
Large animals could be used for manual labor – cows, oxen, horses
The development of agriculture occurred at different times, in different regions, independently

11. Chapter 1 Notes Agriculture Changes Society
Population increased as a result of more and stable food supplies
People gave up the nomadic lifestyle and being settling
Settlements allowed people to pool their labor and resources
Early Farming Societies
Shift from hunter-gathering to farming
Increases in populations created towns and cities
Increased food supplies led to occupation specialization and trade
Social classes appear
Religion becomes formalized – religious structures, deity worship
Warfare increased
Increased disease

12. Chapter 1 Notes New Technologies
People develop new tools to make life easier
Plows, hoes, pottery, yarn, cloth
Civilizations started to use metal – leads to the Bronze Age 3,000 BCE
Catal Huyuk – Neolithic settlement in modern day Turkey
Largest Neolithic site found – 30 acres
5-6,000 population
Evidence of varied crop production, animal domestication, trade, domestic lives, art, religious structures
Better understanding of Neolithic worldview from Otzi the Iceman – Frozen male preserved in ice – clothing type, foods eaten

13. Chapter 1 Notes Foundations of Civilization
From Villages to Cities as a result of agriculture
New technologies to farming increased production – irrigation
Allowed fewer people to farm more land in drier conditions leading to surpluses
Changing Economies
Better farming techniques lead to decrease in farmers needed
Previous farmers could do other jobs leads to a division of labor (skilled and unskilled)
Farming villages had traditional economies, but new advances in technology allow cities to diversify their economies

14. Chapter 1 Notes Characteristics of cities
Larger population, more dense – Uruk – 40-50,000 pop.
Populations were diverse
More formal organization – city centers, palace, temples, markets, city walls
Centers of trade – place to exchange goods bettering economies

15. Chapter 1 Notes The First Civilizations
Civilization – complex and organized society
First civilization are in the fertile river valley’s – Nile, Tigris-Euphrates, Indus, Huang
Flooding river valleys provided rich soil
Characteristics of early civilizations
Developed cities – political, economic, cultural centers
Organized government – laws, system of justice, taxes, defense
Formalized religion – rituals, ceremonies, religious leaders
Specialization of labor – specialized jobs
Social classes – social order based on job, wealth, influence
Record keeping and writing – records of economic activity, calendars
Art and architecture – paintings, sculpture, architecture

16. Chapter 1 Notes Change in Civilizations
Civilizations changed over time due to:
Environmental factors
Conflict
Shifts in population – leads to shift of ideas

17. Assignment Create Your Own Civilization Project
Part 1: Create a title sheet with your name (first and last), period, and the name of your civilization (this should be stapled to the top of your paragraphs) (2 points)
Part 2: Write a paper that describes your civilization. (48 points total)
1st paragraph: Introduce your civilization. Give them a name. Tell me about their natural boundaries/geography. Your paragraph should answer these questions:
1. What is the name of your civilization?
2. If you were to describe your civilization to the world, what would you say?
3. Which features of the land make your culture easy to attack?
4. What defenses does the land provide naturally?
2nd paragraph: Describe the organized government of your civilization. Your paragraph should answer these questions:
1. What form of government does your culture have?
2. How are the leaders selected?
3. What are the titles of those in power? (Ex. President, king, ruler, all mighty one)
4. What are the responsibilities of those in power?
5. What major laws have been made and why? (at least two)
6. What punishments exist for law breakers?
3rd paragraph: Describe the religion of your civilization. Your paragraph should answer these questions:
1. What god(s) is/are worshipped by the people in this civilization?
2. Is your civilization polytheistic or monotheistic?
3. How do the people show respect for their god(s)?
4. Who are the “holy people” of your civilization?
5. What are the most important teachings, rules, or ideas that your civilization’s religion teaches?
6. Describe the most important religious holiday in your culture. Tell what it is and how people in your civilization celebrate it.
4th paragraph: Describe the contributions of your civilization (things your civilization created for the world). For example: The Chinese created paper that we still use today.
Your paragraph should answer these questions:
1. What is the name of the language your civilization speaks?
2. What are the major inventions your civilization created? (You need at least four inventions)
3. What was one major discovery made by your civilization?

18. Assignment/Homework Complete vocab list for chapter 1
Answer Comprehension and Critical Thinking Questions (11 a-c 12 a-c 13 a-c) pg. 29